RESEARCH ARTICLE


End Restraints in Steel Angles in Lattice Towers



Sriram Kalaga*
Senior Design Engineer, Ulteig Engineers, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota, USA


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Creative Commons License
© 2017 Sriram Kalaga.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

* Address correspondence to this author at the Ulteig Engineers, Inc., 4285 North Lexington Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55126, USA, Tel: (651) – 415 – 3873, Fax: (888) – 858 – 3440, E-Mail: sriram.kalaga@ulteig.com


Abstract

Introduction:

Test data on single angle compression members with various end connection arrangements is used to develop adjustment factors for effective buckling lengths. A connection length parameter is proposed and evaluated based on test data. Results from a total of 31 equal leg test angles with single-, double- bolts and fixed ends are used.

Methods:

Slenderness ratios considered ranged from 150 to 312. Angle sizes ranged from 38 x 38 x 3.2 (mm) to 89 x 89 x 6.4 (mm). Estimated connection lengths were about 12.5% of the member length for single-bolt joints; 24.7% for double-bolt joints and 45.6% for fixed joints. Computed effective length factors ranged from 0.544 to 0.875.

Results:

Results seem to indicate that it is possible to define and calculate connection length of a lattice tower angle member. Suggestions for incorporating connection length issues in routine designs are made.

Keywords: Bolted connections, Buckling capacity, Effective length, Slenderness ratio, Steel angles, Towers.