RESEARCH ARTICLE


Multidrug Resistant in Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kerala, India



Gufran Ahmed M. Bijapur1, Saleel V. Maulingkar*, 2, B. Greeshma1, Shaik Mohammed Usman1
1 Department of Microbiology, Kannur Medical College, Anjarakandy-670612, India
2 Department of Microbiology, DMWIMS Medical College, Meppadi-673577, India


© 2015 Maulingkar et al.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Correspondence: * Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Microbiology, DMWIMS Medical College, Meppadi-673577, India.Tel: 09048202446; E-mail: saleemaulingkar@yahoo.com


Abstract

Background:

Nosocomial UTI (NUTI) is a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized patients and presence of urinary catheter is its single most important predisposing factor. Antibiotic resistance is a problem in these infections.

Objectives:

To estimate the prevalence of NUTI in our setting, identify the predisposing factors and etiological agents of NUTI; to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the pathogens; to identify the risk factors for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in these patients and to study the effect of duration of catheterization on the nature of infection.

Materials and Methods:

After identifying suspected cases of NUTI based on signs and symptoms, relevant clinical details were noted and the urine samples were collected aseptically and cultured on blood agar and MacConkey’s agar using the calibrated-loop-semi-quantitative method. Isolates from samples with significant bacteriuria were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Resistance of the isolates to fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporins was confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar dilution method for ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime respectively.

Results:

Catheterization was the most common (88.1%) predisposing factor for NUTI. was the most common single isolate, accounting for 96 (41.2%) of the total 233 isolates. Multidrug resistance was observed in 81 (84.37%) of isolates. High rates of resistance were found with ampicillin (91.66%), ciprofloxacin (75%), cotrimoxazole (71.87%), cefuroxime (82.29%), cefotaxime (79.16%), cefepime (67.7%) and amoxicillin/clavulanate (63.54%) among the E. coli isolates. However, imipenem (0% resistance), meropenem(0%), piperacillin-tazobactam (15.62%), amikacin (5.2%) and nitrofurantoin (26.04%) appeared to have retained greater activity.

Conclusion:

Considering the high rates of resistance found with fluoroquinolones, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and cephalosporins, these can no longer be recommended for empiric therapy of NUTIs. Instead, imipenem, pipericillintazobactam, amikacin and nitrofurantoin should be considered for initial therapy with prompt de-escalation following receipt of the culture and sensitivity result.

Keywords: Catheterization, multidrug resistance, nosocomial urinary tract infection.