Anatomical Basis of Clinical Manifestations Seen in Cavernous Sinus Syndrome: A Narrative Review

Rama Raj, Palaniraj; Smith, Vinayak

Anatomical Basis of Clinical Manifestations Seen in Cavernous Sinus Syndrome: A Narrative Review

Palaniraj Rama Raj^{1, *}, Vinayak Smith²

¹ University of Sydney, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye, Save Sight Institute, Level 1, 8 Macquarie Street, NSW-2000, Sydney, Australia

² Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Victoria3168, Melbourne, Australia

Article Information

Identifiers and Pagination:

Year: 2021
Volume: 15
First Page: 70
Last Page: 78
Publisher ID: TOOPHTJ-15-70
DOI: 10.2174/1874364102115010070

Article History:

Received Date: 8/9/2020
Revision Received Date: 20/1/2021
Acceptance Date: 7/2/2021
Electronic publication date: 07/05/2021
Collection year: 2021

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© 2021 Rama Raj & Smith.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

^* Address correspondence to this author at University of Sydney, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health / Save Sight Institute, Level 1, 8 Macquarie Street, NSW2000, Sydney, Australia; Tel: +61425910959; E-mail: palaneraj@gmail.com

Pathology involving the Cavernous Sinus (CS), generally referred to as Cavernous Sinus Syndrome (CSS), can arise from vascular disorders, neoplasms, infections, and non-infectious inflammatory disorders. An acute understanding of the CS and its regional anatomical structures is therefore pertinent in expounding the highly variable clinical manifestations seen in CSS as well as laying the groundwork for surgical intervention. Though the neuroanatomy of the cavernous sinus has been substantially chronicled in literature, their correlation to clinical signs has only been minimally described. This narrative review serves to address this knowledge gap and aims to comprehensively correlate the clinical manifestations of CSS with the relevant neuroanatomy, thereby allowing medical practitioners to better navigate the diagnostic quandary. We conducted a scoping review of the literature concerning CS anatomy and CSS, complied through MEDLINE/OVID and cross-referencing of articles on PubMed and Google Scholar with the keywords cavernous sinus, cavernous sinus syndrome, clinical signs/manifestations, neuroanatomy, CS pathology, Cavernous Sinus Thrombus (CST) and cavernous sinus neoplasms/tumours.

Keywords: Cavernous sinus syndrome, Cavernous sinus neuroanatomy, Cavernous sinus, Neuro ophthalmology, Cavernous sinus disease, CSS manifestations.

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Anatomical Basis of Clinical Manifestations Seen in Cavernous Sinus Syndrome: A Narrative Review

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