RESEARCH ARTICLE


Prevalence of Group A b-Hemolytic Streptococcus Among Children with Tonsillopharyngitis in Kyrgyzstan: The Difficulty of Diagnostics and Therapy



Nazgul A Omurzakova*, 1, 3, Yoshihisa Yamano1, Guli M Saatova5, Mayramkan S Alybaeva6, Kusuki Nishioka1, Toshihiro Nakajima*, 2, 4
1 Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Japan
2 Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
3 National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine of Health Service Ministry of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
4 Center for Rheumatology and Joint diseases, Misato Marine Hospital, Kochi, Japan
5 National Center of Pediatrics and Child Surgery Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
6 Republican Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan


Article Metrics

CrossRef Citations:
1
Total Statistics:

Full-Text HTML Views: 3865
Abstract HTML Views: 1756
PDF Downloads: 549
Total Views/Downloads: 6175
Unique Statistics:

Full-Text HTML Views: 1250
Abstract HTML Views: 1083
PDF Downloads: 393
Total Views/Downloads: 2730



Creative Commons License
© Omurzakovaet al.; Licensee Bentham Open.

open-access license: This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.

* Address correspondence to these authors at the (NAO) Institute of Medical Science St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan; Tel: +81-44-977- 8111, Ext. 4113; Fax: +81-44-977-9772; E-mail: nazbunisa@gmail.com and (TN) Institute of Medical Science St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan; Tel: +81-44-977-8111, Ext. 4113; Fax: +81-44-977-9772;E-mail: nakasix@n06.itscom.net


Abstract

Abstract

Objective:

Rheumatic fever (RF) is well known disease as a result of frequent complication of the group A- b hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) tonsillopharyngitis, have noticeably grown for the last 15 years among young generation in the Kyrgyz Republic. It is important to hold a study about the prevalence of RF and GABHS and their susceptibility to antibiotics in the Kyrgyz Republic.

Materials and Methods:

We have studied 200 children with chronic tonsillopharyngitis at the National Center of Pediatrics and Child Surgery in Bishkek (the Kyrgyz Republic) from August till September 2008. 188 (48 out of them are with RF) out of total 200 children are Kyrgyz and 12 are Russian (2 out of them are with RF). 111 out of total are female (34 out of them are with RF) and 89 are male (17 out of them are with RF). The average age of the subjects is 10.9±6.0 (from 3 to 17 years old). The presence of GABHS was assessed using two ways: by the rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for outcrop of streptococcus antigen in smear from mucosal surface of tonsils, and by bacterial culture analysis (BA). RADT was used to determine its specificity and sensitivity in order to recommend practitioners its further wide use. Furthermore, the discovered culture of GABHS have been investigated on susceptibility to antibiotics by disc-diffusion method.

Research Results:

GABHS antigen was positive in 72 (36.0 %) subjects from RADT and in 80 (40.0%) subjects from BA out of 200 total subjects. In the patients with RF (n=51), GABHS was positive in 18 (35.2%) subjects by RADT and in 24 (47.0%) subjects by BA. In the subjects without RF (n=149), GABHS was positive in 54 (36.2%) subjects by RADT and in 56 (37.5%) by BA. Among 80 GABHS positive results sensitive to antibiotics were: to penicillin only 10 (12.5%), to ampicillin-29 (36.2%), to amoxicillin-36 (45.0%), to ceftriaxon - 31 (38.7%), to roxithromycin - 21 (26.2%), to erythromycin- 19 (23.7%). It is noted that 21 (26.2%) GABHS positive results were absolutely resistant for all these tested antibiotics. RADT showed that its specificity is 85% as well as its sensitivity is equal to 67.5%.

Conclusion:

In this study the sensitivity of RADT was low; therefore, the negative results of RADT don’t exclude presence of GABHS. High prevalence of GABHS antigen demonstrates not only in patients with RF, but also among healthy children (without RF) of the Kyrgyz Republic. The high prevalence of GABHS at children with RF (47.0%), probably, presents a low sensitivity to antibiotics and irregular secondary prophylaxis. Significant presence of GABHS among healthy children (37.5%) requires improvement of primary prevention to prevent further spread of RF and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) in the country.

Keywords:: Group A b-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), rheumatic fever (RF), rapid antigen detection test (RADT), bacterial culture analysis (BA), antibiotic-sensitivity..