| Author | Sample (n, country) |
Age | Independent variables (BE) | BE Variable |
Health Variable | Statistical Association |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balfour & Kaplan [47] | 883 USA |
≥55 | 1. Heavy traffic 2. Excessive noise 3. Access to public transportation 4. Inadequate lightning |
S | Risk for loss of physical function | NS + NS + |
| Breeze et al. [49] | 24654 UK |
≥75 | 1. Population density | O | Vaccination | NS |
| Camilloni et al. [36] | 214 Italy |
65-85 | 1. Poor illumination 2. Minor repairs |
S | Home injury risk | + NS |
| Chan et al. [37] | 2712 Canada |
≥65 | 1. Population density 2. Repairs required |
O |
Falls | NS + |
| Clarke et al. [14] | 1195 USA |
≥45 | 1. Neighborhood disorder 2. Any street in fair/poor condition |
O | a. Some disability b. Severe disability a. Some disability b. Severe disability |
NS NS + + |
| Clarke & George [48] | 4154 USA |
≥65 | 1.Housing Density 2. Land-Use Diversity 3. Housing quality variable |
M | Disability | NS (- for ADL in patients with severe lower extremity functional limitations) NS (- for IADL by lower extremity functional limitations) - |
| Clarke et al. [33] | 1225 USA |
≥45 | 1. Poor street condition 2. Heavy traffic 3. Neighborhood 4. Public transit line nearby |
O | Preventive health care use | NS + NS NS |
| Clarke et al. [46] | 1787 USA |
≥45 | 1. Population density 2. Commuting to work by public transit or by walking 3. Age structure |
O | Mobility disability | NS - (only in patients ≥75) NS |
| Dogan et al. [38] | 102 Turkey |
Mean age: 71.4 years | 1. Rooms have good daylight 2. Bathing/showering facilities and accessibility |
S | Home injuries | - - |
| Evci et al. [39] | 3211 Turkey |
>60 | 1. Poor housing conditions | M | Home accidents | + |
| Freedman et al. [45] | 15480 USA |
≥55 | 1. Connectivity 2. Density of population 3. Air pollution |
O | a. Lower Body Limitation b. IADL c. ADL a. Lower Body Limitation b. IADL c. ADL a. Lower Body Limitation b. IADL c. ADL |
NS - (in men) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS |
| Gill et al. [40] | 2619 Australia |
≥65 | 1. Type of dwelling 2. Repair requirement |
S | Falls | NS + |
| Huang [42] | 1212 Taiwan |
≥65 | 1. Location (urban) 2. Housing type (without stairs) |
O | Potential Home environmental hazards | + + |
| Iwarsson et al. [54] | 397 Sweden |
80-89 | 1. Environmental barriers 2. Accessibility problems score 3. Usability in my home-Environmental aspects |
M | Perceived Health | + + + |
| Iwarsson [44] | 72 Sweden |
75-84 | 1. Housing environment | M | ADL-IADL dependence | + (at 6 year follow-up) |
| Lang et al. [50] | 2946 UK |
≥65 | 1. Degree of urbanization | O | Use of dental service | NS |
| Malhotra et al. [55] | 4494 Singapore | ≥60 | 1. Housing type (≤ 2 room) | S | Hypertension | + |
| Mishra [56] | 38595 India |
≥60 | 1. Non clean fuel 2. House type 3. Separate kitchen 4. Urban/rural |
O | Asthma | + + - + |
| Morris et al. [43] | 136 women with multiple sclerosis USA |
NA Mean age: 69.6 years |
1. Density 2. Land use 3. Access 4. Connectivity 5. Walking/cycling 6. Aesthetics 7. Traffic safety 8. Neighborhood satisfaction |
S | Disability | NS NS NS NS + + + + |
| Niemann et al. [57] | NA Europe |
≥60 subgroup | 1. Annoyance by traffic noise | S | a. Cardiovascular risk b. Respiratory c. Neuro-psychic d. Arthritis symptoms |
NS NS NS + |
| Osman et al. [58] | 148 COPD patients UK |
NA Mean: 69 years |
1. Living room over 21ºC 2. Bedroom over 18ºC |
O | a. Respiratory health status b. Health status a. Respiratory health status b. Health status |
NS (+ for symptoms and disease impact) + NS (+ for symptoms) NS |
| Osman et al. [59] | 178 COPD patients UK |
NA Mean >70 years |
1. Home Energy efficiency | O | Respiratory health | + |
| Parra et al. [62] | 1966 Colombia |
≥65 | 1. Street noise 2. Safety from traffic 3. Park density 4. Train stations |
M | Self-rated health | NS + NS NS |
| Pluijm et al. [41] | 1365 Netherland |
≥65 | 1. Highly urbanized area | O | Recurrent falling | + |
| Rudge et al. [60] | 25000 UK |
≥65 | 1. Energy inefficient housing | O | Excess Winter comorbidity | + |
| Singh [61] | 778 India |
≥60 | 1. Type of house [kuchcha vs pucca) 2. Source of drinking water 3. Type of fuel for cooking 4. Type of toilet facility 5. Density of living room |
M | Morbid conditions | + NS NS NS + |
| Takano et al. [51] | 2211 Japan |
NA Mean: 73 years at baseline |
1. Space for taking strolls 2. Parks and tree lined streets 3. Noise from automobiles and factories 4. Garden 5. Regular bus service |
S | Five years survival | + + NS NS NS |
| Vandertorren et al. [53] | 597 heat-related deaths France |
≥65 | 1. Construction date 2. Comfort level 3. Lack of thermal insulation 4. Living on top floor 5. Number of rooms 6. Number of windows 7. Floor 8. Location directly under the roof 9. Duration of sunlight there 10. Temperature 11. Vegetation index |
O | Death risk | + + + + - + NS + + + - |
| Webb et al. [64] | 4763 UK |
≥50 | 1. Housing problems | S | COPD | NS |
| Wen et al. [65] | 229 USA |
≥50 | 1. Perceived physical environment | S | Self-rated health | + |
| Werngren-ElgstrÖm [63] | 31 Sweden (baseline) |
75-84 | 1. Person-environment fit (accessibility) | M | Ill-health symptoms | + |
| Wilson et al. [67] | 5630 US |
≥70 | 1. Type of housing | S | Hip fracture risk | + (mobile home vs house) ; NS (Apartment vs house) |
| Windle et al. [66] | 411 UK |
≥70 | 1. Difficulties scale 2. Cold in bed 3. Cold with current heating 4. Age of the building 5. No roof/loft insulation |
S | Health Status | - NS - NS NS |
| Zuluaga et al. [52] | 433 older patients hospitalized for heart failure Spain |
≥65 | 1. House lacking an elevator 2. House lacking running water 3. House lacking heating 4. No indoor bathroom 5. No bathtub or shower 6. No individual bedroom 7. No automatic washing machine 8. No telephone 9. Feeling frequently cold |
S | Mortality of patients hospitalized for heart failure | + NS NS NS NS NS NS NS + |