| Variables | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Probability | Confidence Interval (95%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender: Female | 0.71 | 0.07 | p<.001 | 0.580-0.870 |
| Nazionality: Extra-European | 1.75 | 0.25 | p<.001 | 1.323-2.307 |
| I Psychiatric Diagnosis (ICD-9-CM) | ||||
| Schizophrenia and other psychoses | 0.26 | 0.12 | p<.005 | 0.100-0.652 |
| Bipolar disorders | 0.34 | 0.16 | p<.05 | 0.133-0.870 |
| Neurotic disorders | 0.28 | 0.14 | p<.01 | 0.107-0.728 |
| Personality disorders | 0.36 | 0.18 | p<.05 | 0.137-0.940 |
| II Psychiatric Diagnosis (ICD-9-CM): Organic psychoses | 2.57 | 0.94 | p<.01 | 1.252-5.272 |
| III Psychiatric Diagnosis (ICD-9-CM): Organic psychoses | 5.15 | 2.06 | p<.001 | 2.354-11.281 |
| Organic Comorbidity: Present | 1.47 | 0.17 | p<,001 | 1.171-1.852 |
| State of Admission: TSO | 2.92 | 0.31 | p<.001 | 2.368-3.610 |
| Length of Hospitalization (days) | 1.03 | 0 | p<.001 | 1.025-1.038 |
| Institutional Changes | ||||
| Medical staff replacement (2008) | 0.45 | 0.054 | p<.001 | 0.3526872-0.5662116 |
| More restricted guidelines for restraint application (2011) | 0.22 | 0.050 | p<.001 | 0.1369291-0.341403 |