Open Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal




(Discontinued)

ISSN: 1874-8449 ― Volume 6, 2019
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Biocidal Activities of Substituted Benzothiazole of Copper Surfactants over Candida albicans & Trichoderma harziamunon on Muller Hinton Agar



Neha Mathur1, *, Nisha Jain2, A.K. Sharma3
1 Department of Chemistry, Pt. N.K.S. Govt. P.G. College, Dausa-303303, India
2 Department of Chemistry, S.S. Jain Subhodh P.G. College Jaipur-302001, India
3 Department of Chemistry, Govt. P.G. College, Jhalawar-326001, India

Abstract

Background:

Heterocyclic complexes in the current era are aimed at evaluating as new products that possess wide biological, pharmacological, agricultural, medicinal, industrial applications and many more highly significant uses. Although they have been known from long ago for their great biocidal significance, still the researchers pay a great attention for profiling the pharmacological view of novel macrocycles like benzothiazoles. Increasing number of microbial infectious diseases and resistant pathogens create a demand and urgency to develop novel, potent, safe and improved variety of antimicrobial agents.

Objective:

This initiates a task for current chemistry to synthesize compounds that show promising activity as therapeutic agents with lower toxicity. It is very necessary to introduce new and biologically safe and active drugs eco-friendly in nature and effective as antimicrobial agents.

Methods:

Transition metal complexes share an important place in this regards. Therefore in this paper we report the synthesis and characterization of transition metal complex of N/S ligand by FT-IR, NMR, ESR, elemental analysis, conductometric and magnetic moment measurements. The synthesized metal complexes were successfully investigated for biological activities namely antifungal.

Results:

Based on the results we pronounced biocidal activities of the novel complexes. Concerned complexes contribute diverse applications by being more economical, harmless, non -toxic and eco-environmental friendly.

Keywords: Candida albicans, Trichoderma harzianumon, Benzothiazole, Copper surfactants, Muller Hinton Agar, Biocidal activities.

Article Information


Identifiers and Pagination:

Year: 2018
Volume: 5
First Page: 24
Last Page: 35
Publisher Id: PHARMSCI-5-24
DOI: 10.2174/1874844901805010024

Article History:

Received Date: 24/5/2018
Revision Received Date: 1/9/2018
Acceptance Date: 12/9/2018
Electronic publication date: 31/10/2018
Collection year: 2018

© 2018 Mathur et al.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Chemistry, Pt. N.K.S. Govt. P.G. College, Dausa-303303, India; Tel: +91 9414738865; E-mail: nehavmathur@yahoo.co.in


1. INTRODUCTION

The chemistry of nitrogen donor ligands is a very interesting field. Nitrogen containing ligands have a tendency of complexation with the transition metal soaps and they are recognized as pharmacophores which have received great attention in drug discovery and lead optimization [1Mathur N, Bargotya S. Advances in the research of novel N/S containing metal complexes as potent antioxidants. J Applied Chem 2017; 10(8): 18-23.]. A review of past researches reveals that among N- donor ligands, phenylthiourea and 2-amino benzothiazole are well known compounds bearing N-C=S linkage. This linkage enables the metal complexes to possess a range of biological applications namely tranquilisers, sedatives, neuroleptic, anti-histamines, anti-helminthes, anti-inflammatory, antipsychotic, anti-viral, anesthetics, anti-malarial, antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic, anticancerous, anticonvulsant, antibiotic etc. Some nitrogen and sulphur ligands are used in therapy, photo-sensitisers, indicators-dyes and heat stabilizers [2Sharma A K, Sharma R, Saxena M. Biomedical and antifungal application of Cu(II) soaps and its urea complexes derived from various oils. Open access J Trans Med Res 2018; 2(2): 40-3., 3Bargotya S, Mathur N, Sharma AK. Physico-chemical analysis of environmentally safe complexes of copper ISBN978-613-8-34672-2 2018.]. The exact information of the nature and structure of these aromatic compounds is of great significance for explaining their characteristics under different conditions. The benzothiazole ring is present in various marine and terrestrial natural compounds which have biological significance. Heterocycles containing thiazole moiety are present in many natural products such as epothilone A, bleomycin,lyngbyabellin A and dolostatin [4Mathur N, Bargotya S. DNA–Binding and cleavage studies of macrocyclic metal complexes containing heteroatomic ligands. Chem Sci Trans 2016; 5(1): 117-24.]. Being a heterocyclic compound, benzothiazole finds use in research as a starting material for the synthesis of usually larger bioactive structures. Its aromaticity makes it relatively stable, although as heterocycle, it has reactive sites which allow functionalization [5Bhutra R, Sharma R, Sharma AK. Synthesis, characterization and fungicidal activities of Cu (II) surfactants derived from groundnut and mustard oils treated at high temperatures. J Inst Chemists (India) 2018; 90(3): 66-80.]. A large number of therapeutic agents are synthesized with the help of benzothiazole nucleus [6Pillai VV, Sreekanth B. DNA binding and antimicrobial studies of Ag (II) and Cu (II) metalcomplexes containing mixed ligands of 1, 10- phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyuinoline. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013; 4: 739-47.]. Thiazole antifungal are known as potent inhibitors of the cytochrome, monooxygenase in the process of fungal biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is an important constitution of fungal cell membrane [7Tank P, Sharma R, Sharma AK. A pharmaceutical approach & antifungal activities of copper soaps with their N & S donor complexes derived from mustard and soyabean oils. Glob J Pharmaceu Sci 2017; 3(4): 1-6.]. Metal co-ordination complexes have been widely studied for their antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer properties [8Sharma AK, Sharma R, Gangwal A. Biomedical and fungicidal application of copper surfactants derived from pure fatty acid. Org Med Chem Int J 2018; 5(5): 1-3.]. Many drugs possess pharmacological and toxicological properties when administered in the form of metallic complexes [9Mathur N, Bargotya S. A facile synthesis and biological evaluation of some macro cyclic copper complexes. Int J Phar Sci Res 2015; 6(6): 2345.: 538.]. This stimulates our interest to extend the studies to their cumulative form as complexes because biological activity is often enhanced by complexation [10Mathur N, Bargotya S. Synthesis characterization and plant growth regulatory activity of metal complexes with some bioactive ligands. World J Phar and Pharmace Sci 2016; 5(11): 945-55.]. Copper in particular has attracted the researchers. Copper is an essential micronutrient required by all life forms [11Jain P, Kachhwaha S, Kothari SL. Chloroplast ultra structure, photosynthesis and enzyme activities in regenerated plants of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni as influenced by copper sulphate in the medium. Ind J Exp Bio 2014; 52: 898-904.[PMID: 25241590] ]. The present research is an important effort to understand the characteristic nature and biocidal application of copper complexes of nitrogen donor ligands. The treatment with copper complexes produce remarkable pharmacological effects which are not observed when the parent ligands or inorganic forms of copper are used. The use of transition metal complexes as therapeutic compounds has become more and more pronounced. In the present study antifungal activity was performed for the synthesized complexes CP(BTA)A and CP(BTA)NA) on Muller Hinton Agar against Candida albicans, Trichodermaharzianum.

Abbreviation of complexes are as follows:

S3= CP[BTA] A Complex of copper palmitate with 2-amino-6-methoxy benzothiazole

S4 = CP[BTA]NA Complex of copper palmitate with 2-amino-6-nitro benzothiazole

2. EXPERIMENTAL

Copper soap and substituted benzothiazole ligand were prepared by earlier reported methods [12Bhutra R, Sharma R, Sharma AK, Biotechnol SAJ. Fungicidal activities of Cu (II) soaps derived from various oils treated at high temperature for biomedical use. SAJ Biotechnol 2018; 5: 1-3.]. Their analytical and physical data of ligand, soap and complexes are summarized in Tables 1-4. The synthesized complexes are characterized by chromatography and spectroscopic techniques as follows:

Table 1
Analytical and physical data of 2-amino-6-methoxy benzothiazole ligand.


Table 2
Analytical and physical data of 2-amino-6-nitro benzothiazole ligand.


Table 3
Analytical and physical data of copper palmitate soap (C15H31COO)2Cu.


Table 4
Analytical and physical data of the complexes: CP[BTA]A & CP[BTA]NA.


2.1. Chromatography

TLC is probably the most versatile technique for the analysis of complexes and their mixtures. TLC is quite efficient technique for separation and identification of synthesized soap, ligand and their complexes in sub microgram amounts using silica gel plates in various non-aqueous solvent systems. Rf of copper soap, ligands and the synthesized complexes in non-aqueous solvent systems has been determined. A thin layer chromatographic applicator was used for coating sorbent material on 20×3 cm glass plates to obtain absorbent layer of 0.25 mm thickness [13Sharma AK, Saxena M, Sharma R. Synthesis, spectroscopic and biocidal activities of environmentally safe agrochemicals. J Biochem Tech 2018; 7(3): 1139-47.]. The coated plates were developed in glass jars of 24×6 cm. A glass sprayer was used to spray chromogenic reagent on the plate to detect the spot. Silica gel G acted as stationary phase whereas the following solvent systems were used as mobile phase.

  1. Acetone: Carbon tetrachloride
  2. Acetone: Petroleum ether
  3. Benzene: Acetone: Petroleum ether

Silica gel G and double distilled water are mixed in 1:3 (w/v) ratio with constant mechanical shaking until homogenous slurry was obtained to prepare the plates. Approx. 10μl of the test solution was applied on thin layer plates by using micropipette. The solvent ascent was fixed to 10-12 cm in all cases. When the development was completed, the plates are withdrawn from the jar and dried at room temperature. The spots were visible in day light.

2.2. Spectroscopy

The spectral measurements (IR and NMR) and elemental analysis were carried out at the “Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre”, Central Drug Research Institute (RSIC, CDRI) Lucknow. The IR spectra of the complexes were obtained as KBr discs in the range 400-4000 cm–1 on Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer. 1H NMR spectra were recorded at CDRI, Lucknow using CDCl3 as reference. ESR spectra of the complexes were recorded at SAIF, IIT, Mumbai in the X-band region at microwave frequency 9.1 GHz and microwave power 5 mW under the magnetic field of strength 2000G at room temperature. Tetracynoethylene (TCNE) was used as the standard. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were conducted at S.P. University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujrat.

2.3. Biocidal

Step 1. Processing of the sample.

The unknown compound is re-suspended in DMSO in mass concentration (w/v)

Step 2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Kirby-Bauer and Stokes' methods.) [14Kapoor P, Fahmi N, Singh RV. Microwave assisted synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical and DNA cleavage studies of lanthanide(III) complexes with coumarin based imines. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 83(1): 74-81.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.054] [PMID: 21903455] ]
I. Hinton susceptibility test agar

a. SabouraudDextrose Agar (antifungal screening) is the only susceptibility test medium that has been validated by NCCLS. Mueller-Hinton agar should always be used for disk diffusion susceptibility testing, accordingly.

II. McFarland turbidity standard

A McFarland 0.5 standard was prepared and quality controlled prior to the beginning of susceptibility testing.

III. Preparation of inoculum

Preparation of inoculums is shown in Fig. (1) as schematic diagram.

Fig. (1)
Flow diagram for Antimicrobial study.


IV. Inoculation procedure

This procedure was exactly same as the earlier reported methods [15Mathur N, Dobhal MP, Jain N. Comparative antibacterial analysis of substituted benzothiazole and substituted phenylthiourea complexes with copper metal. Int J Green and herb Chem 2017; 7(1): 1-6.].

V. Loading the plate with Positive, negative control and sample

The working supply of antibiotic (streptomycin, positive control) should be stored in the refrigerator (4°C). 50 µl of the antibiotic suspension was dispensed in the well labeled with C (control), (R, negative control), sample (S) to the plates as soon as possible, but no longer than 15 minutes after inoculation. Diffusion of the drug in the well begins immediately.

VI. Recording and interpreting results

After the Loading of C, S, R on the plate, the plate is inverted and incubated at 35°C for 16 to 18 hrs. After incubation, the diameter of the zones of complete inhibition were measured and recorded in millimeters.

Note:

  • Di methyl sulfoxide (negative control) does not show any activity against test organism.
  • Antifungal Sensitivity (Itraconozole 5 mg/well) serves as a positive control.
  • Sample (unknown chemical compound) (5mg/ well (w/v))

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Chromatography

Results were reproducible with in ±0.02 Rf unit values for various substituted compounds using procedure for three solvent systems – the main part of the chromatographic studies was the attempt to obtain the standard conditions for their resolution and identification. The best shaped spots given by the solvents were considered to be suitable, and are A = Acetone = carbon tetrachloride, B = Acetone = Petroleum ether, C = Benzene = Acetone = Petroleum ether. In pure acetone spots run along with the solvent front hence could not be used [16Mathur N, Sharma AK. Synthesis of hetero-cyclic compounds for bio-medical applications “ISBN 978-613-8-05861-8” 2018.].

Single spot was given by all compounds, uniform in shape in present investigation, so all of them are chromatographically pure. The results of copper palmitate, substituted benzothiazoles, phenylthiourea and complexes are given in Tables 5-7.

Table 5
Palmitate (C15H31COO)2Cu.


Table 6
(BTA)A and (BTA)NA.


Table 7
Copper complexes.


Acetone = Carbontetrachloride, Acetone, Petroleum ether and Benzene, Acetone = Petroleum ether and Benzene, Acetone = Petroleum ether were selected as best solvent systems for synthesized compounds. In benzene, with or without nitrobenzene, the spots were diffused and comet likes having tail against the flow of solvent. We have observed that Rf values for the series of compounds under investigation increased as the amount of benzene increased in the solvent system. It is observed from the tables that for all the ligands as well as complexes; nitro derivatives gave higher Rf values as compared to methoxy derivatives [17Sharma AK, Sharma R, Gangwal A K. Antifungal activities and characterization of some new environmentally safe Cu (II) surfactants substituted 2-amino-6-methyl benzothiazole. Open Phar Sci J 2018; 5: 3-12.[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187484490180501] ].

3.2. Spectroscopy

(1). IR Spectral studies

The relative intensities / peaks of IR spectra of synthesized complexes are shown in Tables 8-9

Table 8
IR Spectral Data for Copper(II) Complexes.


Table 9
IR Spectral Data for Copper(II) Complexes.


(A). Copper Palmitate

The IR spectrum of copper palmitate asymmetric stretching vibration of methyl and methylene group is observed at 2910 cm–1 whereas, the symmetric stretching vibration of the group occurred at lower frequency i.e. at 2840 cm–1. The absence of C=O band in the spectra of soap indicate that there is a resonance in the two C=O bonds of carboxylate group. The band in the region 485 cm–1 is due to copper to oxygen bond stretching vibration. This is called characteristic absorption of metal constituent of soap molecule.

(B). CP[BTA]A: Complex of copper palmitate with 2-amino 6-methoxy benzothiazole

The IR spectra of complex of copper palmitate with 2-amino 6-methoxy benzothiazole is shown in Fig. (2) and all IR peaks are summarized in Tables 8-9, it is confirmed from results that the characteristic band of metal constituent of soap molecule i.e. copper oxygen (Cu-O) stretching band has been distinguished at 502.2 cm–1. The strong band at 1604 cm–1 is the characteristic feature of the N-H bending vibration of the -NH2 group in the free ligand (2-amino 6-methoxy benzothiazole) but in this complex it is shifted to lower frequency at 1590 cm–1 indicating that the primary nitrogen is the coordinating site in the complex. This is further supported by the formation of new band at 545 cm–1, which is due to vM-N band.

Fig. (2)
IR Spectra IR Spectra of Complex: Copper (II) Palmitate with 2-Amino 6-Methoxy benzothiazole– CP[BTA]A.


(C). CP[BTA]NA: Complex of Copper palmitate with 2-amino 6-nitro benzothiazole

The IR peaks of the complex of copper palmitate with 2-amino 6-methoxy benzothiazole are summarized in Tables 8-9, it is confirmed from results that the characteristic band of metal (copper) constituent of soap molecule i.e. (Cu-O) copper oxygen stretching band has been distinguished at 490 cm–1. A clear peak is observed at 1445 cm–1 corresponding to Ar-C-NO2 vibrations. An absorption band observed at 1320 cm–1 corresponds to N-C=S stretching.

(2). NMR Spectral studies

The relative signals of NMR spectra of synthesized complex are shown in Table 10.

Table 10
NMR Spectral Data for Copper(II) Complexes.


(A). CP[BTA]A: Complex of Copper palmitate with 2-amino-6-methoxy benzothiazole

Aliphatic -CH3 and -CH2 proton attached to -CH2-R group show signal at nearly δ 0.87 and δ 1.22 respectively. A broadened peak is observed at δ 3.75-3.85 corresponding to –NH2 proton. These 2 peaks indicate the co-ordination through the -NH, group of benzothiazole segment to the metal atom of the soap segment. The proton present on the nitrogen atom may undergo rapid, intermediate or slow exchange. The broadening of the observed peak is suggestive to be a slow exchange because the electrical quadripole moment of nitrogen nucleus induces a moderately efficient spin relaxation. A very weak signal is observed at δ 7.12 in the spectra, which may be due to aromatic protons on benzothiazole moiety.

(B). CP[BTA]NA: Complex of Copper palmitate with 2-amino-6-nitro benzothiazole

Aliphatic -CH3 and -CH2 protons attached to CH2-R group show signal at nearly δ 0.91 and δ 1.25 respectively. A broadened peak is observed at δ 3.80-3.86 corresponding to NH2 group. This peak indicates the co-ordination through the –NH2 group of benzothiazole segment to the metal atom of the soap segment. A very weak signal is observed at δ 7.25 in the spectra, which may be due to tautomerism and aromatic protons of benzothiazole moiety present in the complex [18Khan S, Sharma R, Sharma AK. Antifungal activities of copper surfactants derived from neem (AzadirectaIndica) and karanj (Pongamiapinnata) oils: A pharmaceutical application. Glob J Pharmaceu Sci 2017; 3(4): 1-6.].

(3). ESR Spectral studies

ESR spectrum is characterized by the position, intensity and shape of the component lines. The position of ESR is referred to as g-values and is directly determined by the energy levels. The variation in g-value is interpreted in terms of first and second order spin orbit interaction. The g-value for ESR signal is calculated by the formula [19Mathur N, Heda LC, Mathur VK, Saxena P. Study of CLSI-M44-A disk diffusion method for determining the susceptibility of candida species against novel complexes derived from copper stearate with 2-amino benzothiazoles. Tenside Surf Det 2011; 48(1): 1-5.]:

Where

v = Frequency of band in KHz

B = Bohr Magneton

H = Magnetic field

h = Plank's constant

On the basis of g|| and g| the values of gav and G were calculated using the following relations [20Sharma R, Sharma AK. Natural edible oils: Comparative health aspects of sesame, coconut, mustard (rape seed) and groundnut (peanut): A biomedical approach. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 2017; 1(5): 1-4.]

gav (g|| + 2 g┴)/3

G = g|| – 2/g┴ – 2

(A). CP[BTA]A: Complex of Copper palmitate with 2-amino-6-methoxy benzothiazole

The ESR parameters are recorded in Table 11 The values of g||, g┴ and gav are 2.30, 2.05, 2.103, 4.012 and greater than the value of g0 i.e. 2.00-2.77. This fact suggests that distortion from regular octahedron has taken place in the shape of the complex. From the observed value, it is clear that g||> g┴ > g0 for CP[BTA]A, which suggests that the complex exhibited in elongated octahedral geometry and the unpaired electron lies predominantly in the dx2-y2 orbital of Cu(II) giving 2B1g as the ground state. It is well known that g|| is 2.3 for copper nitrogen band.

Table 11
ESR Spectral Data for Copper(II) Complexes.


Since values are moderately sensitive function for indicating covalency, thus the value of g|| for complex of copper palmitate with 2-amino-6-methoxy benzothiazole is suggestive of covalent character of metal ligand. Since the value of G is greater than four for CP[BTA]A, it is suggestive of negligible exchange coupling interaction between the two copper centers in complexes.

(B). CP[BTA]NA: Complex of Copper palmitate with 2-amino-6-nitro benzothiazole

The value of g||, g┴ and gav are 2.32, 2.02 and 2.102 and 4.892 respectively. The value of g||, g┴ and gav are greater than the value of g i.e. 2.00-277. Also the trend g|| and g┴ for CP[BTA]NA indicates that the unpaired electron is most likely to be in dx2-y2 orbital of Cu (II) giving 2B1g as the ground state. This fact supports the statement that the complex possesses elongated octahedral geometry. Since g||value is a moderately sensitive function for indicating covalency, the value of g|| for benzothiazole complex is suggestive of covalent character of metal ligand band. Since the value of G is greater than four for complex, it is suggestive of negligible exchange coupling interaction between the two copper centers in the complex.

3.3. Magnetic Moment Studies

As it is reported earlier, the presence of copper ion leads to a magnetic moment of 1.73 BM. Various scientists have reported subnormal values for the magnetic moment of copper soap and fatty acid, inferring that the soap exists as a binuclear molecule. This has been attributed to the formation of δ-bonds arising from inter-molecular exchange demagnetization through lateral overlapping of 3dx2-y2 orbital on each copper ion.

The studies also reveal that these values of magnetic moments in the range 1.92-2.08 BM is due to the sub-dispersion unit of soap/complex which retains its binuclear configuration even in solution. It may be suggested that sub-dispersion units are bound together by weak polar forces resulting in the interaction between 3dxy and 3dxz orbital of two copper atoms [21Rai BK, Kumar A. Synthesis, characterization and biocidal activity of some Schiff base and its metal complexes of Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II). Oriental J Chem 2013; 29(3): 1187-91.].

The lower values of magnetic moments of copper ions in copper complex in benzene, as compared to those in solid state, reflect the terminals of binuclear molecules as [Cu2(RCOO)4L2] Where L represents the solvent molecule in solution, but is replaced by the ligand on complexation.

3.4. Conductivity Studies

The nature of the complexes is found to be non-electrolytic as the molar conductance values in benzene, lies in the range of 3.9-6.14 mhos cm2mol–1 [22Mathur N, Bargotya S. Evaluation of novel N/S containing heterocyclic metal complexes as biologically potent agents. Res J Chem Sci 2018; 8(4): 30-4.].

3.5. Biocidal Studies

The study aims to evaluate the bioactivity of synthesized complexes against test organisms. Antimicrobial sensitivity was performed for synthesized complexes (Compound S3 and S4) on Muller Hinton Agar against Candida abicans, Trichodermaharzianumby Kirbyethod [23Bargotya S, Mathur N, Sharma AK. Antimicrobial & DNA cleavage studies of heterocyclic metal complexes“ISBN978-613-8-34627-2 2018.]

Results obtained using Itraconazole (5 mg (w/v)) as antifungal agent control (C) and for negative reference Ethanol/Methanol (R) are mentioned in Table 12 and Fig. 3)

Table 12
Antifungal activity of the substituted benzothiazole ligands against test fungi.


Fig. (3)
Plots presenting the comparative study of complex sensitivity against different fungi under study.


Activity index = zone of inhibition of sample[S]/zone of inhibition of reference [R] And the activity can be found out by [24Mathur N, Bargotya S, Manna B, Kasana A. Antifungal screening and oxidation behaviour of some microwave assisted benzothaizine drugs. Int J Chem Sci 2014; 12(2): 533-46.]:

If the Zone of Inhibition is

< 13 = it means that the extract is inactive,

13 – 18 = it means that the extract is bioactive,

> 18 = it means that the extract is highly active.

Table 12 data reveals that complexes show higher activity than ligands suggesting that complexes are more powerful anti- fungal agents and benzothiazole and other N, S, O etc. containing compounds are able to enhance the performance of copper soaps. The enhanced activity of newly synthesized complexes as compared to those of the ligand can possibly be explained on the basis of chelate formation, presence of donor atoms, basicity as well as the structural compatibility with molecular nature of the toxic moiety [25Sharma AK, Sharma R, Saxena M. Synthesis, spectroscopic and fungicidal studies of Cu (II) soaps derived from groundnut and sesame oils and their urea complexes. Bulletin Pure Appl Sci 2017; 36(2): 26-37.].

The results of ANOVA for the antifungal activities for all complexes are shown in Table 13. The predicted R2 are in reasonable agreement and closer to 1.0. This confirms that the experimental data are well satisfactory. The descriptive static results of all complexes also confirm satisfactory results in triplet.

Table 13
ANOVA and descriptive statics results for antifungal activities of synthesized complexes.


CONCLUSION

The antifungal activity of the synthesized complexes has been evaluated by the Muller Hinton Agar method. The results are expressed in millimeter. The two antimicrobial disks (Itraconozole for anti-fungal) were taken as standards and the sample disks were compared with it. A scrutiny of results reveals that both pure soaps and ligands show less inhibition whereas on complexation the inhibition enhanced and also complexes show higher activities than pure ligands suggesting that complexes are more powerful agents. Hence, we can conclude that Benzothiazoles and other N and S containing compounds are able to enhance the performance of copper soaps.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

Not applicable.

HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

No Animals/Humans were used for studies that are base of this research.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their sincere thanks to the Principal, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Pt. N.K.S. Govt. P.G. College, Dausa for providing laboratory facilities. Heartfelt thanks to Therachem laboratories, Jaipur for NMR spectral data, IIT Mumbai for FT-IR and ESR spectral data.

REFERENCES
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[2] Sharma A K, Sharma R, Saxena M. Biomedical and antifungal application of Cu(II) soaps and its urea complexes derived from various oils. Open access J Trans Med Res 2018; 2(2): 40-3.
[3] Bargotya S, Mathur N, Sharma AK. Physico-chemical analysis of environmentally safe complexes of copper ISBN978-613-8-34672-2 2018.
[4] Mathur N, Bargotya S. DNA–Binding and cleavage studies of macrocyclic metal complexes containing heteroatomic ligands. Chem Sci Trans 2016; 5(1): 117-24.
[5] Bhutra R, Sharma R, Sharma AK. Synthesis, characterization and fungicidal activities of Cu (II) surfactants derived from groundnut and mustard oils treated at high temperatures. J Inst Chemists (India) 2018; 90(3): 66-80.
[6] Pillai VV, Sreekanth B. DNA binding and antimicrobial studies of Ag (II) and Cu (II) metalcomplexes containing mixed ligands of 1, 10- phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyuinoline. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013; 4: 739-47.
[7] Tank P, Sharma R, Sharma AK. A pharmaceutical approach & antifungal activities of copper soaps with their N & S donor complexes derived from mustard and soyabean oils. Glob J Pharmaceu Sci 2017; 3(4): 1-6.
[8] Sharma AK, Sharma R, Gangwal A. Biomedical and fungicidal application of copper surfactants derived from pure fatty acid. Org Med Chem Int J 2018; 5(5): 1-3.
[9] Mathur N, Bargotya S. A facile synthesis and biological evaluation of some macro cyclic copper complexes. Int J Phar Sci Res 2015; 6(6): 2345.: 538.
[10] Mathur N, Bargotya S. Synthesis characterization and plant growth regulatory activity of metal complexes with some bioactive ligands. World J Phar and Pharmace Sci 2016; 5(11): 945-55.
[11] Jain P, Kachhwaha S, Kothari SL. Chloroplast ultra structure, photosynthesis and enzyme activities in regenerated plants of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni as influenced by copper sulphate in the medium. Ind J Exp Bio 2014; 52: 898-904.[PMID: 25241590]
[12] Bhutra R, Sharma R, Sharma AK, Biotechnol SAJ. Fungicidal activities of Cu (II) soaps derived from various oils treated at high temperature for biomedical use. SAJ Biotechnol 2018; 5: 1-3.
[13] Sharma AK, Saxena M, Sharma R. Synthesis, spectroscopic and biocidal activities of environmentally safe agrochemicals. J Biochem Tech 2018; 7(3): 1139-47.
[14] Kapoor P, Fahmi N, Singh RV. Microwave assisted synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical and DNA cleavage studies of lanthanide(III) complexes with coumarin based imines. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 83(1): 74-81.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.054] [PMID: 21903455]
[15] Mathur N, Dobhal MP, Jain N. Comparative antibacterial analysis of substituted benzothiazole and substituted phenylthiourea complexes with copper metal. Int J Green and herb Chem 2017; 7(1): 1-6.
[16] Mathur N, Sharma AK. Synthesis of hetero-cyclic compounds for bio-medical applications “ISBN 978-613-8-05861-8” 2018.
[17] Sharma AK, Sharma R, Gangwal A K. Antifungal activities and characterization of some new environmentally safe Cu (II) surfactants substituted 2-amino-6-methyl benzothiazole. Open Phar Sci J 2018; 5: 3-12.[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187484490180501]
[18] Khan S, Sharma R, Sharma AK. Antifungal activities of copper surfactants derived from neem (AzadirectaIndica) and karanj (Pongamiapinnata) oils: A pharmaceutical application. Glob J Pharmaceu Sci 2017; 3(4): 1-6.
[19] Mathur N, Heda LC, Mathur VK, Saxena P. Study of CLSI-M44-A disk diffusion method for determining the susceptibility of candida species against novel complexes derived from copper stearate with 2-amino benzothiazoles. Tenside Surf Det 2011; 48(1): 1-5.
[20] Sharma R, Sharma AK. Natural edible oils: Comparative health aspects of sesame, coconut, mustard (rape seed) and groundnut (peanut): A biomedical approach. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 2017; 1(5): 1-4.
[21] Rai BK, Kumar A. Synthesis, characterization and biocidal activity of some Schiff base and its metal complexes of Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II). Oriental J Chem 2013; 29(3): 1187-91.
[22] Mathur N, Bargotya S. Evaluation of novel N/S containing heterocyclic metal complexes as biologically potent agents. Res J Chem Sci 2018; 8(4): 30-4.
[23] Bargotya S, Mathur N, Sharma AK. Antimicrobial & DNA cleavage studies of heterocyclic metal complexes“ISBN978-613-8-34627-2 2018.
[24] Mathur N, Bargotya S, Manna B, Kasana A. Antifungal screening and oxidation behaviour of some microwave assisted benzothaizine drugs. Int J Chem Sci 2014; 12(2): 533-46.
[25] Sharma AK, Sharma R, Saxena M. Synthesis, spectroscopic and fungicidal studies of Cu (II) soaps derived from groundnut and sesame oils and their urea complexes. Bulletin Pure Appl Sci 2017; 36(2): 26-37.

Endorsements



"Open access will revolutionize 21st century knowledge work and accelerate the diffusion of ideas and evidence that support just in time learning and the evolution of thinking in a number of disciplines."


Daniel Pesut
(Indiana University School of Nursing, USA)

"It is important that students and researchers from all over the world can have easy access to relevant, high-standard and timely scientific information. This is exactly what Open Access Journals provide and this is the reason why I support this endeavor."


Jacques Descotes
(Centre Antipoison-Centre de Pharmacovigilance, France)

"Publishing research articles is the key for future scientific progress. Open Access publishing is therefore of utmost importance for wider dissemination of information, and will help serving the best interest of the scientific community."


Patrice Talaga
(UCB S.A., Belgium)

"Open access journals are a novel concept in the medical literature. They offer accessible information to a wide variety of individuals, including physicians, medical students, clinical investigators, and the general public. They are an outstanding source of medical and scientific information."


Jeffrey M. Weinberg
(St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, USA)

"Open access journals are extremely useful for graduate students, investigators and all other interested persons to read important scientific articles and subscribe scientific journals. Indeed, the research articles span a wide range of area and of high quality. This is specially a must for researchers belonging to institutions with limited library facility and funding to subscribe scientific journals."


Debomoy K. Lahiri
(Indiana University School of Medicine, USA)

"Open access journals represent a major break-through in publishing. They provide easy access to the latest research on a wide variety of issues. Relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers. Articles are of uniformly high quality and written by the world's leading authorities."


Robert Looney
(Naval Postgraduate School, USA)

"Open access journals have transformed the way scientific data is published and disseminated: particularly, whilst ensuring a high quality standard and transparency in the editorial process, they have increased the access to the scientific literature by those researchers that have limited library support or that are working on small budgets."


Richard Reithinger
(Westat, USA)

"Not only do open access journals greatly improve the access to high quality information for scientists in the developing world, it also provides extra exposure for our papers."


J. Ferwerda
(University of Oxford, UK)

"Open Access 'Chemistry' Journals allow the dissemination of knowledge at your finger tips without paying for the scientific content."


Sean L. Kitson
(Almac Sciences, Northern Ireland)

"In principle, all scientific journals should have open access, as should be science itself. Open access journals are very helpful for students, researchers and the general public including people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals. The articles are high standard and cover a wide area."


Hubert Wolterbeek
(Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

"The widest possible diffusion of information is critical for the advancement of science. In this perspective, open access journals are instrumental in fostering researches and achievements."


Alessandro Laviano
(Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy)

"Open access journals are very useful for all scientists as they can have quick information in the different fields of science."


Philippe Hernigou
(Paris University, France)

"There are many scientists who can not afford the rather expensive subscriptions to scientific journals. Open access journals offer a good alternative for free access to good quality scientific information."


Fidel Toldrá
(Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos, Spain)

"Open access journals have become a fundamental tool for students, researchers, patients and the general public. Many people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals benefit of them on a daily basis. The articles are among the best and cover most scientific areas."


M. Bendandi
(University Clinic of Navarre, Spain)

"These journals provide researchers with a platform for rapid, open access scientific communication. The articles are of high quality and broad scope."


Peter Chiba
(University of Vienna, Austria)

"Open access journals are probably one of the most important contributions to promote and diffuse science worldwide."


Jaime Sampaio
(University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal)

"Open access journals make up a new and rather revolutionary way to scientific publication. This option opens several quite interesting possibilities to disseminate openly and freely new knowledge and even to facilitate interpersonal communication among scientists."


Eduardo A. Castro
(INIFTA, Argentina)

"Open access journals are freely available online throughout the world, for you to read, download, copy, distribute, and use. The articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields."


Kenji Hashimoto
(Chiba University, Japan)

"Open Access journals offer an innovative and efficient way of publication for academics and professionals in a wide range of disciplines. The papers published are of high quality after rigorous peer review and they are Indexed in: major international databases. I read Open Access journals to keep abreast of the recent development in my field of study."


Daniel Shek
(Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)

"It is a modern trend for publishers to establish open access journals. Researchers, faculty members, and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. in this category."


Jih Ru Hwu
(National Central University, Taiwan)

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