| Source | Sample size | Age range | Study site | Study year | Study design | Study methods | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rispel et al. (2011)bb | 156 MSM (FGDs), 285 MSM (survey) | Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban and Pietermaritzburg | n.d. | RDS | Survey & FGDs | MSM experienced stigma from health workers. Targeted health programs for MSM were limited. 57.0% used public health services in the past year, 69.0% did not have private health insurance. | |
| Tucker et al. (2014)cc (“Ukwazana”) |
316 MSM | 18+ | Peri-urban townships, Cape Town | July-October 2010 | Purposive sampling | Survey | There was an association found between homophobia and risk of UAI for township MSM. |
| Tucker et al. (2013)dd ("Ukwazana") |
316 MSM | 18+ | Peri-urban townships, Cape Town | July-October 2010 | Purposive sampling | Survey | Depression and self-efficacy predicted UAI. |
| Vu et al. (2012)ee | 324 MSM | 18+ | Urban and peri-urban Pretoria | February -August 2009 | RDS | Survey | High levels of internalized homophobia were found (10.0-20.0%). Low levels of education, high levels of HIV misinformation, bisexuality, and HIV-related conspiracy beliefs predicted internalized homophobia. |
| Lane et al. (2008)ff | 47 MSM . |
18+ | Soweto | April 2006 -March 2007 | Purposive sampling | In-depth interviews and FGDs | MSM reported experiencing stigma from health care workers. Non-gay identified MSM hid their sexuality from health care workers & presented heterosexual. |
| Cloete et al. (2008)gg | 92 MSM & 330 MSW, all PLHIV | 18+ | Urban, Cape Town | 2006 | Purposive sampling | Survey | 57.0% internalized HIV-related stigma was found. No differences were found between MSM and men who have sex with women only. |
| Parry et al. (2008)hh | 109 drug users (78 MSM) | 18+ | Durban, Cape Town, Pretoria | October-November 2005 | Snowball sampling | Observation, mapping & FGDs | HIV prevalence was found to be 35.0% among MSM drug users. |
| Parry et al. (2008)ii |
78 MSM | 18+ | Durban, Cape Town, Pretoria | Oct-Nov 2005 | Snowball sampling | Interviews and FGDs | Drug use facilitated sexual encounters & led to risky sex for MSM (including inconsistent condom use). |