| Source | Sample size | Age range | Study site | Study year | Study design | Study methods | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sandfort et al. (2013)jj |
591 WSW | 18+ years | Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe (61.0% South African) | 2010 | Convenience sample | Surveys | Self-reported HIV prevalence was 9.6%. Approximately 50.0% of WSW had reported having ever had consensual heterosexual sex.Transactional sex was reported by nearly 1 in 5 WSW. Experience of rape was reported by nearly 1 in 3 women. Having been raped by men and/or women were the only factors independently associated with HIV prevalence. |
| Matebeni et al. (2013)kk |
24 self-identified lesbians, PLHIV | 18+ years | Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe (16/24 South African) | 2010-11 | Community participatory approach, purposive sampling | In-depth interviews | Rape was reported by 1 in 3 (8/24) lesbians living with HIV. Barriers to health services were identified (providers uninformed, negative attitudes). The misconception that lesbians are safe from HIV was a common belief. Safer sex barriers (dental dams, finger condoms, gloves) were not freely available. |
| Cloete et al. (2011)ll |
72 WSW, PLHIV | 18+ | Cape Town, South Africa | 2006 | Convenience sampling | Surveys | Of WSW living with HIV: 76.0% reported a sexually transmitted infection (STI); 33.0% engaged in transactional sex; 45.0% had been raped; 47.0% had experienced physical intimate partner violence; 15.0% had a history of IDU; and just fewer than 50.0% reported recent risky sexual behavior with men. |