Table 5: Socio-demographic, behavioral and clinical factors associated with poor immunologic restoration among study participants.
Variables |
Immunologic Restoration |
P-Value |
COR (95% CI) |
P-Value |
AOR (95% CI) |
Good |
Poor |
Age (years) |
18-35 |
67 |
15 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
35-50 |
82 |
25 |
0.166 |
1.90 (.766, 4.716) |
0.603 |
1.30 (0.481,3.521) |
>50 |
36 |
15 |
0.031 |
3.38 (1.12, 10.22) |
0.095 |
3.06 (0.822,11.41) |
Gender |
Female |
118 |
23 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
Male |
67 |
32 |
0.001 |
3.69 (1.71, 8.00) |
0.004 |
3.51 (1.496,8.241) |
Marital Status |
Single |
30 |
6 |
1.000 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
Married |
79 |
29 |
0.103 |
0.563(0.704, 44.93) |
0.124 |
0.641 (0.106–3.872) |
Divorced |
42 |
12 |
0.224 |
0.389(0.436, 34.68) |
0.519 |
0.473 (0.326–0.687) |
Widowed |
34 |
8 |
0.304 |
0.333 (0.34, 33.11) |
0.625 |
0.473 (0.326–0.687) |
Educational Status |
Had no formal education |
30 |
8 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
Primary school |
87 |
25 |
0.630 |
1.39 (0.366, 5.277) |
- |
- |
Secondary school |
38 |
13 |
0.463 |
1.74 (0.397, 7.623) |
- |
- |
College & above |
30 |
9 |
0.479 |
1.79 (.358, 8.898) |
- |
- |
Occupation |
Gov’t employee |
48 |
10 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
NGO employee |
25 |
9 |
0.25 |
0.52 (0.166, 1.618) |
0.219 |
0.36(0.072,1.830) |
Self -employed |
52 |
19 |
0.110 |
1.37 (0.812, 7.683) |
0.964 |
0.96 (0.186,4.999) |
Unemployed |
60 |
17 |
0.257 |
3.42(0.618, 6.037) |
0.454 |
3.38(0.140, 81.560) |
Monthly Income (ETB) |
No regular income |
72 |
22 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
<1000 |
26 |
7 |
0.626 |
0.71 (0.185, 2.765 |
- |
- |
1000- 2000 |
34 |
13 |
0.517 |
1.36 (0.534, 3.482) |
- |
- |
2000- 3000 |
25 |
7 |
0.706 |
0.77 (0.197, 3.001) |
- |
- |
≥3000 |
28 |
6 |
0.555 |
0.67 (0.173, 2.564) |
- |
- |
Residence |
Rural |
54 |
17 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
Urban |
131 |
38 |
0.990 |
0.99(0.389, 2.540) |
- |
- |
BMI (kg/m2) |
<18 |
23 |
19 |
0.044 |
2.62(1.026,6.686) |
0.079 |
2.41 (0.904,6.400) |
≥ 18 |
162 |
36 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
Smoking history |
Yes |
46 |
20 |
0.037 |
2.60 (1.057,6.377) |
0.036 |
2.81 (1.072,7.342) |
No |
139 |
35 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
Alcohol history |
Yes |
91 |
33 |
0.123 |
1.83(.850,3.930) |
0.077 |
2.10(0.924,4.734) |
No |
94 |
32 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
Chat chewing |
Yes |
50 |
19 |
0.228 |
0.58 (0.236, 1.410) |
0.216 |
1.83(0.704,4.741) |
No |
135 |
36 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
Current CPT use |
Yes |
105 |
40 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
No |
80 |
15 |
0.014 |
0.27 (1.266, 8.426) |
0.019 |
0.31(0.118,.8270) |
TB history |
Yes |
119 |
29 |
0.035 |
2.28 (1.062, 4.876) |
0.091 |
1.51 (0.229,1.116) |
No |
66 |
26 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
Types of TB |
Pulmonary |
48 |
15 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
Disseminated |
34 |
9 |
0.467 |
0.59(0.144, 2.434) |
- |
- |
Unknown |
28 |
14 |
0.271 |
1.86 (0.615, 5.646) |
- |
- |
Current IPT use |
Yes |
75 |
22 |
0.744 |
0.88 (0.401, 1.922) |
- |
- |
No |
110 |
33 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
Regimen change |
Yes |
115 |
25 |
0.004 |
0. 33(0.153, 0.703) |
0.113 |
0.41(0.134,1.237) |
No |
70 |
30 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
WHO clinical stage |
I +II |
77 |
21 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
III +IV |
108 |
34 |
0.311 |
1.53 (.673,3.458) |
- |
- |
Adherence |
High adherence |
55 |
21 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
Medium adherence |
59 |
13 |
0.843 |
1.09(0.486,2.420) |
- |
- |
poor immunologic restoration
Low adherence |
71 |
21 |
0.787 |
1.22 (0.285,5.232) |
- |
- |
Time elapsed till HAART initiation(in months) |
Within the same month |
70 |
20 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
1 to 24 |
74 |
16 |
0.698 |
0.69(0.281,1.735) |
0.442 |
0.673 (0.245,1.848) |
≥ 24 |
41 |
19 |
0.072 |
2.33(0.927,5.874) |
0.312 |
1.99 (0.523,7.625) |
Duration with HIV (in months) |
6 to 24 |
20 |
7 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
24 to 60 |
31 |
11 |
0.5211 |
1.86(0.280,12.31) |
- |
- |
60 to 120 |
93 |
26 |
0.605 |
1.39(0.397,4.889) |
- |
- |
≥ 120 |
41 |
11 |
1.000 |
1.02(0.381,2.621) |
- |
- |
Duration on HAART(in months) |
6 to 24 |
24 |
12 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
24 to 60 |
40 |
15 |
0.220 |
1.02 (0.131,1.598) |
0.272 |
1.002 (0.095,1.938) |
60 to 120 |
95 |
22 |
0.019 |
2.57 (0.083,0 .801) |
0.097 |
2.78 (0.061,1.262) |
≥ 120 |
26 |
6 |
0.052 |
1.04 (0.011,1.020) |
0.160 |
1.53 (0.011,2.095) |
NVP based regimen |
Yes |
56 |
20 |
0.373 |
0.69 (0.314,1.544) |
- |
- |
No |
129 |
35 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
EFV based regimen |
Yes |
91 |
15 |
0.259 |
1.56 (0.723,3.345) |
- |
- |
No |
94 |
40 |
1.000 |
|
- |
- |
PI-based regimen |
Yes |
27 |
20 |
0.127 |
1.07(0.087,1.432) |
- |
- |
No |
158 |
35 |
1.000 |
- |
- |
- |
Baseline CD4+ (cells/ µL) |
<200 |
91 |
26 |
0.026 |
2.36(1.108,5.006) |
0.060 |
1.41 (0.159,1.038) |
≥200 |
94 |
29 |
1.000 |
|
1.000 |
- |
NCD co-morbidity |
Yes |
79 |
41 |
0.061 |
2.08(0.966,4.475) |
0.003 |
3.99(1.604,9.916) |
No |
106 |
14 |
1.000 |
- |
1.000 |
- |
NCD: non- communicable disease; IPT: Isoniazid preventive therapy; CPT: Cotrimoxazole Isoniazid preventive therapy; EFV: Efavirenz; NVP: Nevirapine;PI: Protease Inhibitors; BMI: Body mass index; TB: Tuberculosis, NGO: Non-govt Organization