| Risk Factorb
|
(N=192) |
RI by BED Alone
(N, RI=31) |
RI by Ax-AI Alone
(N, RI=50) |
RI by BED and
Ax-AI Combined
(N, RI=21) |
HIV Seroconversion
(Cohort N=397) |
|
Age-Adjusted OR
(95% CI) |
Age-Adjusted OR
(95% CI) |
Age-Adjusted OR
(95% CI) |
Age-Adjusted OR
(95% CI) |
Age-Adjusted HR
(95% CI) |
|
| Age group: |
|
|
|
|
|
| 18-24 |
0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
1.3 (0.5, 3.5) |
1.1 (0.5, 2.2) |
1.1 (0.4, 3.1) |
1.0 (0.3, 3.1) |
| 25-29 |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
| 30-34 |
1.9 (1.2, 3.1) |
2.0 (0.6, 6.9) |
1.8 (0.7, 4.5) |
0.8 (0.2, 4.1) |
1.9 (0.6, 6.2) |
| ≥35 |
1.8 (1.1, 3.0) |
3.3 (1.1, 10.2) |
1.9 (0.7, 4.8) |
0.9 (0.2, 4.8) |
undefined |
|
| District of residence: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nyarugenge |
--REF-- |
-- REF -- |
-- REF -- |
-- REF -- |
-- REF -- |
| Gasabo |
2.0 (1.3, 3.0) |
2.2 (0.9, 5.4) |
2.4 (1.1, 5.3) |
2.1 (0.7, 6.2) |
0.7 (0.2, 2.1) |
| Kicukiro |
3.1 (2.0, 4.8) |
1.8 (0.6, 4.9) |
3.2 (1.4, 7.2) |
1.8 (0.5, 6.0) |
1.1 (0.4, 3.4) |
|
| Education level: |
|
|
|
|
|
| No formal schooling |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
| Some primary school |
0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
1.5 (0.5, 4.4) |
1.1 (0.5, 2.4) |
1.8 (0.5, 6.5) |
0.9 (0.3, 2.9) |
| Completed primary school |
0.8 (0.5, 1.3) |
1.1 (0.3, 3.5) |
1.1 (0.5, 2.7) |
1.3 (0.3, 5.4) |
2.5 (0.6, 10.2) |
| Secondary school (some/completed) |
0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
1.6 (0.4, 5.6) |
1.4 (0.5, 3.8) |
1.1 (0.2, 6.4) |
undefined |
|
| Lifetime no. pregnancies: |
|
|
|
|
|
| None |
1.9 (0.9, 4.2) |
0.9 (0.2, 4.8) |
1.9 (0.5, 6.7) |
0.9 (0.1, 5.7) |
undefined |
| 1 |
1.5 (0.9, 2.7) |
0.3 (0.1, 1.3) |
0.9 (0.3, 2.7) |
0.2 (0.1, 1.3) |
1.2 (0.1, 14.7) |
| 2 |
1.5 (0.8, 2.5) |
1.2 (0.4, 3.4) |
1.4 (0.5, 3.5) |
1.0 (0.3, 3.9) |
8.0 (1.0, 65.4) |
| 3 |
1.1 (0.6, 1.9) |
0.8 (0.3, 2.4) |
0.9 (0.3, 2.4) |
0.8 (0.2, 3.3) |
4.7 (0.5, 41.1) |
| ≥4 |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
|
| Currently breastfeeding |
0.3 (0.2, 0.4) |
0.8 (0.4, 1.8) |
0.7 (0.3, 1.5) |
0.9 (0.4, 2.1) |
1.6 (0.6, 4.3) |
|
| Marital statusc: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Currently have steady partnerd
|
0.9 (0.7, 1.3) |
0.8 (0.4, 1.7) |
1.1 (0.6, 1.9) |
1.1 (0.5, 2.8) |
0.6 (0.2, 1.8) |
| Divorced/separated |
0.7 (0.4, 1.1) |
0.9 (0.3, 2.5) |
0.7 (0.3, 1.7) |
1.0 (0.3, 3.4) |
0.5 (0.1, 4.2) |
| Widowed |
1.7 (1.0, 2.8) |
1.3 (0.4, 4.0) |
1.5 (0.6, 3.7) |
1.2 (0.2, 5.8) |
undefined |
| Never married |
1.0 (0.7, 1.4) |
0.9 (0.4, 2.2) |
1.1 (0.5, 2.2) |
1.0 (0.3, 3.0) |
2.1 (0.6, 7.5) |
|
| At last sexc: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Received money/gift from partner |
1.1 (0.6, 2.1) |
1.1 (0.3, 4.8) |
1.1 (0.3, 4.8) |
0.7 (0.2, 3.2) |
1.1 (0.2, 8.1) |
| Partner used a condom |
0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.4) |
1.2 (0.6, 2.5) |
0.4 (0.2, 1.1) |
1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
| Vaginal cleansing beforehand |
1.6 (1.2, 2.2) |
1.5 (0.7, 3.1) |
1.6 (0.9, 2.8) |
1.9 (0.8, 4.6) |
0.8 (0.3, 1.9) |
|
| No. vaginal sex acts in past month: |
|
|
|
|
|
| <20 |
0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
1.7 (0.5, 6.1) |
0.8 (0.3, 1.9) |
2.3 (0.4, 13.0) |
0.4 (0.1, 1.4) |
| 20-39 |
1.0 (0.6, 1.5) |
2.7 (0.9, 8.4) |
1.1 (0.5, 2.3) |
3.6 (0.8, 16.6) |
0.4 (0.1, 1.6) |
| 40-59 |
1.0 (0.6, 1.6) |
1.5 (0.4, 5.6) |
0.8 (0.4, 2.0) |
1.9 (0.4, 10.7) |
0.2 (0.02, 1.4) |
| 60-89 |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
| ≥90 |
0.8 (0.4, 1.5) |
0.5 (0.1, 4.6) |
0.5 (0.1, 1.9) |
1.0 (0.1, 11.1) |
1.1 (0.2, 6.2) |
|
| No. sex partners in last 3 monthse: |
|
|
|
|
|
| 3-30 |
1.3 (0.7, 2.4) |
3.2 (0.9, 11.7) |
1.1 (0.3, 3.7) |
3.5 (0.6, 21.5) |
2.6 (0.8, 8.7) |
| 31-59 |
0.9 (0.5, 1.6) |
1.5 (0.4, 5.9) |
1.2 (0.5, 3.4) |
2.6 (0.5, 14.5) |
1.3 (0.4, 3.5) |
| 60-75 |
1.5 (0.9, 2.5) |
2.7 (0.8, 9.4) |
2.2 (0.9, 5.6) |
5.1 (1.0, 25.1) |
|
| 76-120 |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
| ≥121 |
1.0 (0.6, 1.6) |
1.0 (0.3, 3.3) |
1.1 (0.4, 2.5) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
undefined |
|
| No. clients per week in last month: |
|
|
|
|
|
| <5 |
0.7 (0.4, 1.2) |
1.7 (0.5, 5.9) |
0.8 (0.3, 2.0) |
2.1 (0.4, 11.2) |
0.5 (0.1, 1.6) |
| 5-9 |
1.1 (0.7, 1.8) |
2.2 (0.7, 7.1) |
1.3 (0.6, 2.9) |
3.1 (0.7, 14.7) |
0.6 (0.2, 2.2) |
| 10-15 |
0.9 (0.6, 1.5) |
1.0 (0.3, 3.7) |
0.7 (0.3, 1.7) |
1.2 (0.2, 6.9) |
0.5 (0.1, 2.3) |
| 16-25 |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
| >25 |
0.6 (0.3, 1.4) |
0.6 (0.1, 5.7) |
0.7 (0.2, 2.8) |
1.1 (0.1, 12.8) |
undefined |
|
| No. years working as sex workerf: |
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤1 |
1.0 (0.6, 1.7) |
1.9 (0.7, 5.6) |
1.5 (0.7, 3.6) |
4.2 (0.9, 19.4) |
1.8 (0.6, 5.3) |
| 2 |
0.4 (0.2, 0.8) |
0.8 (0.2, 2.8) |
0.3 (0.1, 1.1) |
1.0 (0.1, 6.9) |
0.3 (0.1, 1.3) |
| 3 |
1.2 (0.7, 1.9) |
0.6 (0.1, 2.3) |
1.0 (0.4, 2.6) |
1.9 (0.3, 10.7) |
|
| 4-5 |
0.8 (0.5, 1.4) |
0.8 (0.3, 2.6) |
0.7 (0.2, 1.7) |
1.4 (0.2, 8.8) |
--REF-- |
| ≥6 |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
undefined |
|
|
Ever had forced sex |
2.2 (1.5, 3.1) |
1.7 (0.8, 3.7) |
1.8 (1.0, 3.4) |
2.3 (0.9, 5.7) |
0.8 (0.2, 2.6) |
|
| Lifetime no. HIV tests |
|
|
|
|
|
| None |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
--REF-- |
| 1 |
0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.5) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.2) |
0.6 (0.2, 1.9) |
4.8 (0.6, 41.2) |
| ≥2 |
0.3 (0.2, 0.5) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.5) |
0.4 (0.2, 0.9) |
1.1 (0.4, 3.0) |
12.9 (1.7, 98.9) |
|
|
HIV tested in last 6 months |
0.2 (0.1, 0.4) |
0.2 (0.1, 1.8) |
0.1 (0.01, 1.0) |
0.3 (0.04, 2.2) |
3.4 (1.2, 9.1) |
|
|
Sought STI treatment in last
3 months |
2.1 (1.3, 3.3) |
2.8 (1.2, 6.9) |
3.1 (1.5, 6.2) |
3.9 (1.4, 10.4) |
0.6 (0.1, 4.3) |
|
|
Drink alcohol regularly |
1.5 (1.1, 2.2) |
1.1 (0.5, 2.3) |
1.3 (0.7, 2.3) |
0.7 (0.3, 1.7) |
1.3 (0.5, 3.3) |
|
|
Ever imprisoned |
1.8 (1.3, 2.6) |
0.9 (0.4, 2.0) |
1.2 (0.6, 2.2) |
0.6 (0.2, 1.7) |
1.4 (0.5, 3.5) |
|
|
HSV-2 seropositive (baseline) |
8.4 (4.8, 14.7) |
3.9 (1.5, 10.5) |
9.1 (3.2, 25.9) |
17.9 (2.4, 134.7) |
1.4 (0.5, 3.8) |
|
|
Pregnant (baseline) |
0.7 (0.3, 1.3) |
0.8 (0.2, 3.5) |
0.7 (0.2, 2.5) |
1.1 (0.3, 5.0) |
NA |
Abbreviations: OR=odds ratio; HR=hazard ratio; CI=confidence interval; HIV=Human Immunodeficiency Virus; RI=recent infection; STI=sexually transmitted infection; NA=not applicable.Bolded effect estimates have P< 0.05.
a Participants with CD4<200 removed from RI classification, considered probable long-term HIV infection.
b Sample sizes for different questions may vary slightly from the total N based on missing responses.
c Multiple responses allowed.
d A steady partner is a regular sex partner with whom the woman has sex more often than with other sex partner(s), but does not live with and is not married to.
e Categories for age-adjusted HR’s for prospective cohort are: 3-30; 31-75; and ≥76 partners (referent group is ≥76).
f Categories for age-adjusted HR’s for prospective cohort are: ≤1; 2-3; and ≥4 years (referent group is ≥4).