Crop | Gene | Cultivar or Line | Outcomes | Publication | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pVA production increase or narrative indication |
Compound level (Transgenic vs. control) # |
||||
Wheat | Maize PSY * and CrtI * | Variety EM12 | - ~ * 10.8 folds increase in total carotenoids with expression of yellow grain color in transgenic lines | - 4.96 μg g-1 DW * vs. 0.46 | [37] |
CrtB *, CrtI | Cultivar Bobwhite | - ~ 8 folds increase in total carotenoids with expression of red/yellow grain color in transgenic lines | - 4.06 ± 0.49 μg g-1 DW vs. 0.58 ± 0.02 | [21] | |
- ~ 76 folds increase in pVA content § | - 3.21± 0.37 μg g-1 DW vs. 0.05±0.01 | ||||
Wheat LCYb * |
Chinese Spring | - β-carotene decrease by silenced LCYb gene | - 0.09 μg g-1 DW vs. 0.22 | [43] | |
Wheat CCDs * |
Tetraploid Kronos and hexaploid line UC1041 | - β-carotene decrease by CCD1 cleaving and degrading β-carotene; indicated from increased ratio of β,ε- and β,β-branch carotenoids in endosperm | - No numerical data provided | [44] | |
Maize | Maize PSY and CrtI | White kernel Hi-II |
- ~ 34 folds increase in total carotenoids with preferential accumulation of pVA | - 33.6 mg g-1 DW vs. 1.01 | [45] |
- ~ 25 folds increase in pVA | - 9.8 mg g-1 DW vs. 0.39 | ||||
Zmpsy1 *, PacrtI *, Gllycb * , Glbch * , ParacrtW * |
South African elite white variety M37W | - ~ 142 folds increases in total carotenoids with both Zmpsy1and PacrtI expression | - 156.14 mg g-1 DW vs. 1.01 | [46] | |
- Zmpsy1 and PacrtI genes needed for changes in carotenoids and color from white to yellow, orange, red | - No numerical data provided | ||||
Maize PSY, CrtI | South African elite white variety M37W | - ~ 169 folds increase in β-carotene with orange color endosperm | - 59.32 mg g-1 DW vs. 0.35 | [47] | |
Potato | CrtI | Cultivar Desiree | - ~ 6.3 folds increase in tuber total carotenoids | - 35 lg g-1 DW vs. 5.6 | [48] |
- β-carotene increase from undetectable levels | - 10.30 lg g-1 DW vs. negligible level | ||||
LCYe * | - ~ 14 folds increase in tuber β-carotene by silenced LCYe | - 43.56 ng g-1 DW vs. 3.17 | [41] | ||
CHY1, CHY2 | - ~ 4.5 folds increase in tuber total carotenoids by silencing CHYs | - 21758.57 ng g-1 DW vs. 4887.95 | [49] | ||
- ~ 35 folds increase in tuber β-carotene by silencing CHYs | - 85.3 ng g-1 DW vs. 2.25 | ||||
CrtB, CrtI, CrtY * | - ~20 folds increase in total carotenoids | - 114.4 mcg g-1 DW vs. 5.8 | [50] | ||
- 3600 folds increase in β-carotene | - 47 mcg g-1 DW vs. 0.013 | ||||
CrtB, CrtI, CrtY | - ~ 20 folds increase in total carotenoids - 50% of total carotenoids as pVA carotenoids resulting from their favorable shift |
- Shown in graphical charts | [42] | ||
Cauliflower Or (Orange) gene | - ~ 10 folds increase in total carotenoids during storage vs. starting point in fresh tubers - ~ 20 folds increase in β-carotene during storage vs. starting point in fresh tubers |
- Shown in graphical charts | [51] | ||
* ~: up to, DW: dry weight PSY: phytoene synthases, CrtI: bacterial carotene desaturases, CrtB: bacterial phytoene synthase, LCYb: Lycopene β-cyclase gene, CCDs: Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, DW: seed dry weight, Zmpsy1: maize phytoene synthase 1, PacrtI: Pantoea ananatis phytoene desaturase, Gllycb: Gentiana lutea lycopene b-cyclase, Glbch: G. lutea β-carotene hydroxylase, ParacrtW: Paracoccus β-carotene ketolase, LCYe: lycopene ε-cyclase, CHY: non-heme β -carotene hydroxylases, CrtY: lycopene β-cyclase. § As sum of α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin. # Highest levels among transgenic lines when given specific numerical data; otherwise without numerical data, shown in bar charts or graphs for graphical comparisons. |