Table 2: Framework for transgenic pVA crop development during different development stages with potential influencers.

Stage	Consideration *	Influencer Positive/yes as facilitator and negative/no as barrier §
Feasibility for launching pVA biofortification program	Current VAD status, VAD interventions in target country and population	- Availability of accurate data on VAD status in target population. - Effectiveness and acceptance of existing VAD program and on-going activity. - Prioritization of VAD reduction in target country.
	Target crop, its cultivation and local consumption in target country and population	- Availability of accurate data on candidate local variety of target crop, its cultivation, utilization and consumption by target population.
	Domestic GMO regulation and relevant political climate	- Stance of line ministry on GMO. - Availability of financial and political assistance during target crop development.
	International or regional GMO regulation ¶	- Potential conflict to international and regional GMO standard and regulation.
pVA crop development, test and distribution	Pre safety estimate and evaluation #	- Safety to local ecological system, human health, and potential contamination i.e. gene flow from target crop.
	Information communication	- Existence of transparent channel for safety test result on health and environment, potential benefit and risk, IPRs arrangement ʃ to stakeholders (free-of-charge or fee-based with potential conflict of interest).
	Adoption assessment	- Public perception of transgenic target crop. - Awareness of VAD and its health impact. - Economics of target crop for cultivation, distribution, utilization and consumption.
	Verification assessment	- Feasibility of large-scale test for yield, safety and bioavaiability of pVA. - Significant anti-GMO activity against large-scale test.
	Distribution channel	- Existence of mature seed sector and infrastructure. - Potential for private-public distribution partnership.
Monitoring and evaluation	Post pVA quality monitoring and evaluation in VAD change	- Existence of effective monitoring procedure, indicator, trained staff and budget.
	Monitoring legal/illegal trading of target crop	- Harmonized GMO regulation with neighbor country. - Potential scale-up of target crop to neighbor country.
Abbreviations: VAD; vitamin A deficiency, pVA; pro-vitamin A, GMO; genetically modified organism. * Not in the order of importance, but flexible depending on target crop development program. § If influencer is positive/yes, it can facilitate target crop development; otherwise act as barrier. ¶ Such as Codex Alimentarius, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, COMESA guidelines, FAO GM guidelines etc. # Probably via literature-review on target crop, laboratory-generated data, small-scale experiment. ʃ Intellectual property rights probably not applicable to vegetative propagation, depending on IPRs arrangement.