Managing Agricultural Research for Prosperity and Food Security in 2050: Comparison of Performance, Innovation Models and Prospects

Table 4: Status of Biotech R&D, Biosafety and IP/TT Policies in Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Uganda and Kenya.

Country	Modern Biotechnology			Biosafety Regulation		IP/TT Policies
	Type of Biotechnology Research	Global Area of Biotech Crops 2015	GM Traits in the Pipeline ^a	Biosafety Regulation		IP/TT Policies
	Type of Biotechnology Research	Global Area of Biotech Crops 2015	GM Traits in the Pipeline ^a	National Laws	International Treaty Agreement ^b	National Laws	International Treaty Agreements ^c
Philippines	microbial, cell biology, molecular marker, genomics, diagnostic	0.8 million ha	88	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
India	microbial, cell biology, molecular marker, genomics, diagnostic	11.6 million ha	11	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sri Lanka	microbial, cell biology, molecular marker, genomics, diagnostic	-	-	No*	Yes	-	Yes
Egypt	microbial, cell biology, molecular marker, genomics, diagnostic	-	1	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Uganda	microbial, cell biology, molecular marker, genomics	-	-	No*	Yes	-	Yes
Kenya	microbial, cell biology, molecular marker, genomics	-	-	Yes	Yes	-	Yes**

^a Data on area of biotech crops and GM traits in the pipeline were obtained from GM approval database of the International Services for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications.
^b The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is currently the only international agreement that exist related to the safe handling, transport and use of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.
^c International agreements on IP include WIPO-administered treaties, WTO-TRIPS and ITPGRFA.
* Sri Lanka and Uganda have pending biosafety laws and undergoing government review.
** Kenya is a member of UPOV and does not implement a sui generis protection system for plant varieties.