Table 2: Comparison and example of various culture systems application for PSCs expansion and differentiation. The (*) mark showing the remaining disadvantage which need to be overcome.

Culture Systems			Ease of Scale Up	Ease of Monitoring	Ease of Harvesting	Mass Transfer	Shear Stress	References of Application in PSCs Expansion		References of Application in PSCs Differentiation Types
General culture systems	Conventional static culture		low*	low*	high	low*	low	hiPSCs[52,148,149], hESCs[52], miPSCs[150], mESCs[151]		Hepatocyte [152], chondrocytes [153], muscle fiber cells [154], lung and thyroid progenitor cells [155], odontoblast [156], cardiomyocytes [157]
	Automation		medium	high	high	low*	low	hiPSCs [106,110,158-160], hESCs [161], mESCs [160], miPSCs [162]		Cardiomyocyte [159], neural cells [160]
	Stirred bioreactor		high	high	high	high	high*	hiPSCs [97,113,114,148,163,164], hESCs [97,114], miPSCs [165]		Hepatocyte [123], cardiomyocytes [122,166,167], pancreatic β cells [168], Endothelial cells [169]
	Rotary bottle		medium	medium	high	high	medium	mESCs [170], hESCs [171]		Cardiomyocyte [127][166], osteogenic cells [170]
	Hollow fiber bioreactor		medium	low*	low*	medium	low	mESCs [172], hESCs [131]		Hepatocyte [129,130,173]
Other culture techniques	Microcarrier		high	low*	low*	medium	high*	mESCs [174], hESCs [175], hiPSCs [175]		Neural progenitor [176], endoderm progeny [177], hematopoetic cells [178], hepatocytes [179], cardiomyocytes [168,180,181].
	Cell encapsulation		medium	low*	low*	medium	low	miPSCs [145], mESCs [142,146], hESCs [141,182]		Cardiomyocyte [143], pancreatic cells [183], definitive endoderm [182], osteogenic cells [170]