Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico studies.

	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
In vivo	More realistic data; Good to validate new practices and techniques.	Difficult to control variables; Difficult to visualize; Long measuring times; Insufficient resolution; Expensive; Low reproductively; Ethical issues.	[17, 30, 68, 69]
In vitro	Easy to control variables; Easy to visualize; Low-cost; Good to validate numerical studies; Reduce the use of animals; Do not have ethical issues.	Difficult to measure some variables (e.g., WSS); Do not represent the complexity that happens in vivo; Critical to reproduce exact geometry; Difficult to reproduce real wall motion.	[42, 62, 70]
Ex vivo	No post-surgical animal care; Maintain the architecture of the tissues closer to the in vivo setting; Moderate control of variables; Better visualization compared to in vivo.	Short observation time; Difficult to visualize; The age of the models may represent a critical factor; Isolation of the arteries is a critical process; Ethical issues.	[42, 71]
In silico	Construction of more realistic virtual models; Reduction of lead times and costs of new designs and greater detail of the results; Complement experimental and clinical approaches; Ability to simulate biofluid flows that are not reproducible in experiments.	Difficult to define mathematically some physiological and biological parameters; Require experimental validation; The results are dependent on the accuracy of the mesh performed; Complex simulations can be very long.	[45, 70, 72, 73]