Fig. (13) Dependence on cooling rate of intracellular ice formation (IIF) when freezing hepatocytes from -4 (after seeding extracellular ice) to -40 °C showing the darkening of the cellular interior as a result of significant IIF under a bright field of light microscope: When the cooling rate is very low (10 °C/min), cell dehydration dominates (A); when the cooling rate is high (400 °C/min), IIF dominates (C); and when the cooling rate is intermediate (100 °C/min), both IIF and cell dehydration can occur (B). Figure reprinted and redrawn from reference [272] with permission from John Wiley & Sons.