Ha -GSK 3β (wt) or (SUMO mutant, K292R) or pcDNA vector was transfected and the rate of apoptosis measured by FACS. Ha -GSK 3β SUMO mutant (K292R), which was dominantly localized in the cytoplasm, promoted cell survival (but not cell apotosis) when compared to GSK 3 β wt constructs. Results shown are the average of five repeated experiments. For details, see the Materials and Methods section.