The Role of Exercise on L-Arginine Nitric Oxide Pathway in Chronic Heart Failure

Table 2: Effects of Exercise in Heart Failure Patients

Subjects	Exercise	Results	Ref.
52 M (55±10 yr) EF = 31±7% NYHA II / III	8 wk. Aerobic 60% VO_2peak 3 x 40 min	↑ VO_2peak Sig. correlation between changes in VO_2peak and EDVD ↑ FDVD ↔ EIVD	Belardinelli et al. 2006
12 (60±2 yr) NYHA I/II EF=26±3%	8 wk Resistance (55-65% 1RM)+ aerobic 70-85% HR_peak 3 x 60 min	↑ VO_2peak ↑ EDVD ↑ EIVD	Maiorana et al. 2000
10 M (55±4 yr) NYHA II/III EF=19±9%	4 wk. Handgrip training 60 N 6x/day	↑ EDVD ↑ FDVD ↔ EIVD	Hambrecht et al. 2000
10 (54±4 yr) EF=24±4% NYHA II/III	24 wk. Aerobic 5x40 min 70% VO_2peak	↑ VO_2peak ↑ forearm BF (ACh) ↔ forearm BF (NTG) ↑ BF velocity ↑ inhibitory effect of L-NMMA on forearm BF	Hambrecht et al. 1998
12 (10 M, 58±3 yr) EF=25±5% NYHA II/III	8 wk. Handgrip 5x30 min 70% maximal work rate 20 cont/min	↑ forearm BF (ACh) ↔ forearm BF (NTG) ↑ reactive forearm BF	Katz et al. 1997
11 M (55±10 yr) EF = 26±3% NYHA II / III	6x/day. Aerobic 10 min 70% VO2peak	↑ VO_2peak ↑ EDVD ↑ FDVD ↔ EIVD	Linke et al. 2001
14 (62±6 yr) EF=34±9%	12 wk. Aerobic 50% VO_2peak 4x45 min	↑ VO_2peak ↑ Cu/Zn SOD and GSH-Px gene expression ↔ steady-state transcript levels for eNOS, ACE, PGI2S	Ennezat et al. 2001
10 M (55±2 yr) EF=26±3% NYHA II/III	6 mo. Aerobic. 5x20min 70% VO_2peak	↑ VO_2peak ↓ iNOS expression and protein content in skeletal muscle ↓ skeletal muscle nitrotyrosine content ↑ cytochrome coxidase activity	Gielen et al. 2005
10 M (55±2 yr) EF=26±3% NYHA II/III	6 mo. Aerobic. 5x20min 70% VO_2peak	↑ VO_2peak ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1-β mRNA, iNOS expression in skeletal muscle ↔ serum cytokine levels	Gielen et al. 2003
11 M (55±3 yr) EF = 21±2% NYHA II / III	8 wk. Aerobic. 50-60% HR_max 3-5x30-60 min	↑ 6-min walk distance ↑ forearm BF (ACh) ↔ forearm BF (NTG) ↑ L-arg transport ↔ plasma L-arginine, L-citrulline, ADMA, SDMA	Parnell et al. 2005
12 M (55±2 yr) EF=26±3% NHYA II/III	6 mo. Aerobic. 5x20min 70% VO_2peak	↑ VO_2peak ↔ Mn and Cu/Zn SOD activity, mRNA content, or protein expression in skeletal muscle ↑ Cat activity, ↔ Cat mRNA or protein expression ↑ GPX activity, ↔ GPX mRNA or protein expression ↓ lipid peroxidation	Linke et al. 2005
24 (55±2yr) EF: 23±1% NYHA II/III	12 wk. Aerobic. 60-80% HR_max 5x30min	↑ VO_2peak ↓ serum TNF-α, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, IL-6. sIL-6R, sFas, sFasL	Adamopoulos et al. 2002
23 (27-78 yr) EF: 11-45% NYHA I-IV	4 mo. 3x/wk Aerobic+RT Aerobic: 20min 90% VT RT: 2x10 reps 50% 1RM	↑ VO_2peak ↑ NYHA class ↔ serum TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ sTNFR1, sTNFR2 (DAC)	Conraads et al. 2002
18 (54±9 yr) NHYA 2.2±0.7	8 wk. Aerobic. 5x20 min 70-80% HRmax Calistenics	↑ VO_2peak ↔ plasma TNF-α, TNF-R 1 and 2, IL-6, e-selectin, sICAM, sCD14	Niebauer et al. 2005

ADMA = asymmetric dimethylarginine; CAD = coronary arterial disease; M = men; EF = ejection fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association; EDVD = endothelium dependent vasodilation; FDVD = flow dependent vasodilation; EIVD = endothelium independent vasodilation; BF = blood flow; ACh = acetylcoline; NTG = nitroglycerine; L-NMMA = N^G- monomethyl-L-arginine; SOD = superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px = glutathione-peroxidase; eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase; ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; PGI₂ = prostacyclin; cont = contraction; wk = week.