Fig. (9) Antioxidative compounds GERI-BP002A and carvedilol have pleiotropic effects on redox state depending on concentration.At concentrations of 50 µM, these compounds caused apparent oxidation as indicated by a decrease in FAM signal relative to vehicle treated cells. At lower concentrations, there was an increase in FAM signal consistent with reduction. By comparison, selenomethionine, an augmenter of thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase, caused a significant increase in FAM signal consistent with reduction at all concentrations tested.