Fig. (2) Several modulators linked to the PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway are demonstrated, whose potential molecular targets may be based on the predominant sites. Arrowhead means stimulation whereas hammerhead represents inhibition, suggesting implication of PI3K/AKT/ PTEN modulators for the therapy of diabetes via the pancreatic β-cells protection. Note that some critical events have been omitted for clarity. SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors MAOi: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin