Table 1: Types of human brain diseases/disorders with their symptoms and treatments (Source: https://medlineplus.gov/degenerativenervediseases.html).

Category	S.No.	Type of Diseases/ Disorders	Parts of the Brain affected	Symptom(s)	Treatment(s)	Reference(s)
Autoimmune Diseases	1.	Autoimmune encephalitis	Brain cells	Impaired memory and cognition, abnormal movements, seizures, and problems with balance, speech, or vision, psychosis, aggression, inappropriate sexual behavior, panic attacks, compulsive behaviors and euphoria or fear.	Intravenous immunosuppressive therapy and tumor removal.	[28,29]
	2.	Autoimmune epilepsy	Brain cells	Recurrent and uncontrolled seizures.	Corticosteroids in addition to intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange.	[30,31]
	3.	Central nervous system vasculitis	Inflammation of blood vessels in the Brain	Headaches, strokes or transient ischemic attacks, forgetfulness or confusion weakness, problems with eyesight, seizures and encephalopathy (swelling of the brain).	High-dose steroids such as prednisone, in combination with cyclophosphamide.	[32,33]
	4.	Hashimoto’s encephalopathy	Lymphocytic vasculitis of venules and veins in the brain-stem and a diffuse gliosis involving gray matter or white matter	Personality changes, aggression, delusional behavior, concentration and memory problems, coma, disorientation, headaches, jerks in the muscles, lack of coordination, partial paralysis on the right side, psychosis, seizures (60% cases), sleep abnormalities, speech problems and tremors.	Corticosteroids	[34,35]
	5.	Neuromyelitis optica	Eye nerves and spinal cord (myelin)	Blindness in one or both eyes, weakness or paralysis in the legs or arms, painful spasms, loss of sensation, uncontrollable vomiting and hiccups, and bladder or bowel dysfunction from spinal cord damage.	Intravenous corticosteroids and low doses of carbamazepine.	[36,37]
	6.	Optic neuritis	Fatty coating (myelin) and optic nerve is inflamed.	Vision gets dim or blurry and loss of colour vision.	Intravenous immune globulin and vitamin B12.	[38, 39]
	7.	Neurosarcoidosis or neurosarcoid	Facial and cranial nerves, hypothalamus	Bell’s palsy, leading to one-sided weakness of the facial muscles, double vision, hearing loss, headaches, speech problems, irritability, memory loss, changes in mood, dementia, hallucinations and seizures.	Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medication, pain medication, radiation therapy, occupational and physical therapy.	[40, 41]
	8.	Neuro-Behcet’s disease	Ventral brain stem	Fever, headache, genital ulcers, genital scars and skin lesions.	Azathioprine or methotrexate and corticosteroids. For high risk of patients intravenous cyclophosphamide with corticosteroids.	[42,43]
	9.	Cerebral lupus or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)	Brain cells	Fatigue, fever, joint pain, stiffness and swelling, butterfly-shaped rash on the face, skin lesions, fingers toes turn white or blue when exposed to cold or during stress, shortness of breath, chest pain and dry eyes.	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as naproxen sodium (Aleve) and ibuprofen, antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil), corticosteroids prednisone, Immunosuppressants azathioprine (imuran, azasan), mycophenolate mofetil and methotrexate and rituxan.	[44,45]
	10.	Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)	Hippocampus, amygdala, lobes of the cerebrum ventricles and caudate nucleus.	Adoption of unusual speech patterns, such as using a robot-like tone, avoiding eye contact with others, not able to responding to their name, late development of speech skills, having difficulty with maintaining conversation, frequently repeating phrases, apparent difficulty in understanding feelings and expressing their own.	Behavior and communication treatments like play therapy, behavioral therapies, sensory therapies, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and only one medicine i.e. risperidone (risperdal).	[46, 47]
Dementia	1.	Fronto-temporal dementia	Degeneration of the temporal and frontal lobes.	Poor judgment, loss of empathy, socially inappropriate behavior, lack of inhibition, repetitive compulsive behavior, inability to concentrate or plan; frequent abrupt mood changes, speech difficulties.	Antidepressant drugs and Antipsychotic drugs.	[48, 49]
	2.	Dementia with Lewy bodies	Clumps of a protein in the cortex.	Sleep disturbances, hallucination, imbalance, movement difficulties.	Cholinesterase inhibitors, carbidopa and levodopa (sinemet, rytary, duopa).	[50, 51]
	3.	Vascular dementia	Blocking of blood vessels.	Problems with short-term memory, laughing or crying at inappropriate times, trouble in concentrating, planning, or trouble in managing money, inability to follow instructions, loss of bladder or bowel control and hallucinations or delusions.	High blood pressure under control through exercise, diet and medication.	[52, 53]
	4.	Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)	Destroy neurons and their connections in parts of the brain and affects areas in the cerebral cortex (plaque accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid β-protein and tau protein in the brain).	Having less energy, less interest in work and social activities, loss of memory, like forgetting conversations and events that just happened, language problems, coordination problems, mood swings and depression.	Donepezil (Aricept), Rivastigmine (Exelon), Tacrine (Cognex)	[54, 55]
Brain Infections	1.	Meningitis	Inflammation of the meninges, brain and spinal cord.	Decreased appetite, irritability, sleepiness, lethargicity, fever, sensitivity to bright light, sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, confusion and disorientation.	Antibiotics given directly into a vein, fluids given directly into a vein to prevent dehydration, oxygen through a face mask if there are any breathing difficulties, steroid medication to reduce any swelling around the brain.	[56, 57]
	2.	Encephalitis	Temporal lobe, frontal lobe	Headache, fever, aches in muscles or joints, fatigue or weakness, confusion, agitation or hallucinations, seizures, loss of sensation or paralysis in certain areas of the face or body, muscle weakness, problems with speech or hearing and loss of consciousness.	Corticosteroids, acyclovir (Zovirax) and ganciclovir (Cytovene).	[58, 59]
	3.	Brainabscess	Fungal and viral infection in brain	Differences in mental processes, such as increased confusion, decreased responsiveness, and irritability, speech, sensation, decreased movement due to the loss of muscle function, changes in vision, changes in personality or behavior, vomiting, fever, chills, neck stiffness, especially when it occurs with fever and chills, sensitivity to light.	Antibiotic medications and surgery.	[60, 61]
Movement Disorders	1.	Ataxia	Cerebellum	Poor coordination, unsteady walk and a tendency to stumble, difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as eating, writing or buttoning a shirt, change in speech, involuntary back-and-forth eye movements (nystagmus) and difficulty in swallowing.	Occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, physical and mental exercise.	[62, 63]
	2.	Dystonia and Cervical dystonia	Basal ganglia	Dragging leg, cramping of the foot, involuntary pulling of the neck, uncontrollable blinking and speech difficulties.	Levodopa, procyclidine, hydrochloride, diazepam, lorazepam, clonazepam and baclofen	[64, 65]
	3.	Chorea	Basal ganglia	Problem in speaking, swallowing, posture and gait.	Medication like Fluphenazine (Prolixin), Haloperidol (Haldol), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Risperidone (Risperdal).	[66, 67]
	4.	Huntington’s Disease (HD)	Nerve cells and basal ganglia	Involuntary jerking or writhing movements, muscle problems, such as rigidity or muscle contracture, slow or abnormal eye movements, impaired gait, posture and balance, difficulty in speech or swallowing.	Medication like Tetrabenazine (Xenazine), antipsychotic drugs, such as Haloperidol (Haldol) and Chlorpromazinamantadine, Levetiracetam (Keppra, others) and Clonazepam (Klonopin).	[68, 69]
	5.	Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)	Cerebellum, basal ganglia and brainstem	Impaired movement and coordination, such as unsteady gait and loss of balance, slurred, visual disturbances, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or chewing, constipation, agitated sleep due to “acting out” dreams, abnormal breathing at night, inability to achieve or maintain an erection, loss of libido, irregular heartbeat and difficulty in controlling emotions.	Corticosteroid Fludrocortisone, Epyridostigmine (Mestinon), Midodrine Levodopa and Carbidopa (Duopa, Sinemet).	[70, 71].
	6.	Myoclonus	Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brainstem	Sudden, brief, involuntary, shock, variable in intensity and frequency, localized to one part of the body or all over the body, sometimes severe enough to interfere with eating, speaking or walking.	Tranquilizers like Clonazepam (Klonopin), anticonvulsants like Levetiracetam (Keppra, Roweepra, Spritam), Valproic acid (Depakene) and Primidone (Mysoline), Piracetam onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox) injections, deep brain stimulation (DBS).	[72,73]
	7.	Parkinson’s Disease (PD)	Nerve cells, basal ganglia and substantia nigra	Tremor, shaking hand or fingers, slowed movement (bradykinesia), rigid muscles, impaired posture and balance, loss of automatic movements, speech changes and writing changes.	Levodopa, the most effective carbidopa-levodopa infusion, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitor, catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, anticholinergics, amantadine, DBS.	[74, 75]
	8.	Progressive supra-nuclear palsy or Steele-Richardson- Olszewski syndrome	Basal ganglia and the brain stem	Stiffness and awkward movements, problems with speech and swallowing, sensitivity to light, sleep disturbances, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, impulsive behavior, possibly including laughing or crying for no reason, difficulties with memory, reasoning, problem-solving and decision-making, depression and anxiety.	Physical and occupational therapy, medication like onabotulinum toxin type A (Botox), eyeglasses with bifocal or prism lenses.	[76, 77]
	9.	Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)	Cingulate cortex and cerebellum	Sensations after rest, worsening of symptoms in the evening and night, time leg twitching.	Ropinirole (Requip), Rotigotine (Neupro), Pramipexole (Mirapex), Gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise), Gabapentin Enacarbil (Horizant), Pregabalin (Lyrica), Tramadol (Ultram, ConZip), Codeine, Oxycodone (Oxycontin, Roxicodone, others) and Hydrocodone (Hysingla ER, Zohydro ER), muscle relaxants and sleep medications.	[78, 79]
	10.	Tardive dyskinesia	Striatum and basal ganglia	Tongue movements, lip smacking, lip puckering, pursing of the lips and excessive eye blinking	Medication like Deutetrabenazine (Austedo) Valbenazine (Ingrezza), Melatonin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin-E	[80,81]
	11.	Tourette syndrome	Basal ganglia	Eye blinking, head jerking, repeating observed movements, shoulder shrugging, stepping in a certain pattern, eye darting, obscene gesturing, nose twitching, bending or twisting, mouth movements and hopping.	Medications that block or lessen dopamine, botulinum (Botox) injections, ADHD medications, central adrenergic inhibitors anti-depressants, anti-seizure medications, behaviour therapy, psychotherapy and deep brain stimulation.	[82, 83]
	12.	Wilson's disease	Brain and spinal cord	Fatigue, lack of appetite or abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin and the white of the eyes (jaundice), golden-brown eye discoloration (Kayser-Fleischer rings), fluid buildup in the legs or abdomen, problems with speech, swallowing or physical coordination and uncontrolled movements or muscle stiffness.	Medication like Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen), Trientine (Syprine), T-Zinc acetate (Galzin) and Surgery.	[84, 85]
Neuromuscular Diseases	1.	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)	Degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain.	Twitching and cramping of muscles, loss of motor control in the hands and arms, impairment in the use of the arms and legs, tripping and falling, dropping things, persistent fatigue, uncontrollable periods of laughing or crying, slurred or thick speech and trouble in projecting the voice.	Physical, occupational, speech, respiratory, and nutritional therapies.	[86, 87]
	2.	Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease	Axon (myelin sheath)	Weakness of foot and lower leg muscles, foot deformities, difficulty in lifting foot while walking, loss of muscles around hands and feet, numbness, tingling, burning, or loss of temperature sensation in hands and feet, discomfort or pain in hands and feet.	Physical therapy, occupational therapy, orthopedic devices, pain relieving medicines.	[88, 89]
	3.	Multiple sclerosis	Brain, spinal cord and nerve cells	Blurred or double vision, red-green color distortion, pain and loss of vision because of swelling of the optic nerve (optic neuritis), trouble in walking, numbness, prickling, or pins and needles (paresthesia), muscle weakness in the arms and legs, trouble with coordination, fatigue, loss of feeling, speech problems, tremors, dizziness, hearing loss, bowel and bladder problems and depression.	Exercise programs that build muscle strength, endurance, and control.	[90, 91]
	4.	Muscular dystrophy	Absence of protein dystrophin in neurons	Progressive muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy), waddling way of walking, difficulty in climbing stairs, repeated falling, curvature of the spine, wasting of thigh muscles, abnormal enlargement of the calves, trouble in breathing and swallowing and enlargement of the heart.	Physical therapy and exercise, Surgery and Prednisone.	[92, 93]
	5.	Myasthenia gravis	Neurons	Visual problems including drooping eyelids (ptosis) and double vision (diplopia), muscle weakness and fatigue, weakness of the neck or limbs.	Anti-cholinesterase medicines, steroids, or medicines that suppress the immune system’s response, thymectomy and plasmapheresis	[94, 95]
	6.	Myositis, including polymyositis and dermatomyositis	Bubbles in the brain	Muscle weakness, painful muscles, extreme tiredness, generally feeling unwell, shortness of breath.	Exercise and physiotherapy, steroid medication, Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, Rituximab injection	[96, 97]
	7.	Peripheral neuropathy	Nerves in the brain and brainstem	Gradual onset of numbness, jabbing, throbbing or burning pain, lack of coordination, muscle weakness, paralysis if motor nerves are affected.	Pain relievers, anti-seizure medications, topical treatments, antidepressants, therapies, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).	[98, 99]
	8.	Spinal muscular atrophy	Spinal cord and brain stem	Muscle weakness and twitching, difficulty in breathing and swallowing, changes in the shape of the limbs, spine, and chest due to muscle weakness, difficulty in standing and walking.	Drugs such as spinraza and zolgensma.	[100, 101]
Seizure Disorders	1.	Tonic-clonic seizures or Grand- mal seizure	Cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem and thalamus.	Loss of bowel and bladder control, unresponsiveness after convulsions, confusion, fatigue and severe headache.	Drugs like carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol), Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek), valproic acid (Depakene), oxcarbazepine (Oxtellar, Trileptal), Lamotrigine (Lamictal), Gabapentin (Gralise, Neurontin), Topiramate (Topamax), Phenobarbital and Zonisamide (Zonegran)	[102, 103]
	2.	Atonic seizures	Alterations in brain function	A sudden loss of muscle strength, going limp and falling to the ground, if seated, the person’s head will appear to suddenly drop down, remaining conscious, drooping eyelids, head nods and jerking movements.	Ethosuximide (Zarontin) and Valproic acid (Depakene)	[104, 105]
	3.	Myoclonic seizures	Temporal lobe	Sudden increases in muscle tone, sudden spasm, occasionally and falling asleep.	Anti-seizure medication, nerve stimulation, dietary therapy or surgery.	[106]
	4.	Absence seizures or Petit mal seizures	Thalamus	Sudden stop in motion without falling, lip smacking, eyelid flutters, chewing motions, finger rubbing and small movements of both hands.	Ethosuximide (Zarontin), Valproic acid (Depakene) and Lamotrigine (Lamictal).	[107,108]
Stroke Diseases	1.	Trauma	Alterations in brain functioning.	Loss of consciousness for a few seconds to minutes, confused or disoriented state of mind, headache, nausea or vomiting, fatigue or drowsiness, problems with speech, difficulty in sleeping, dizziness and loss of balance.	Immediate emergency care, medication, surgery and rehabilitation.	[109, 110]
	2.	Tumors	Brain cells	Headache, nausea, vomiting, vision problems: such as blurred vision, double vision or loss of peripheral vision, gradual loss of sensation or movement in an arm or a leg, speech difficulties and hearing problems.	Medication, surgery, rehabilitation, minimally invasive scar less brain surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and targeted drug therapy.	[111, 112]
Mental Disorders	1.	Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobias	Amygdala	Fatigue, trouble in sleeping, muscle tension or muscle ache, trembling, feeling twitchy, nervousness, sweating, nausea, diarrhea and irritability.	Psychotherapy, drugs like antidepressants, buspirone, benzodiazepines are used.	[113, 114]
	2.	Post-traumatic stress disorder	Cingulate cortex and frontal gyrus	Negative thoughts, memory problems, difficulty in maintaining close relationships and emotionally numb.	Psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Medications like anti-depressants and anti-anxiety (Prazosin).	[115,116]
	3.	Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia	Medial frontal lobe	Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), extremely disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms, sleep disturbances, irritability or depressed mood and lack of motivation.	Cornerstone, antipsychotic medications, aripiprazole (abilify), asenapine (saphris), brexpiprazole (rexulti), paliperidone (invega), quetiapine (seroquel), risperidone (risperdal), ziprasidone (geodon) and long-acting injectable antipsychotics.	[117, 118]
	4.	Depression, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders	Hippocampus	Increased activity, energy or agitation, exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria), sleep disturbances, unusual talkativeness or making foolish investments.	Mood stabilizers, anti-psychotics, anti-depressants, antipsychotic and anti-anxiety medications.	[119, 120]
	5.	Eating disorders	Brain cells	Abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, repeatedly and persistently regurgitating food after eating.	Healthy eating, psychotherapy, family-based therapy (FBT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications.	[121, 122]
	6.	Personality disorders	Amygdala, pre-frontal cortex	Aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property deceitfulness, theft, serious violation of rules, exploit others, poor or abusive relationships, being consistently irresponsible.	Psychotherapy	[123, 124]