Table 4: Functional groups chosen to represent the chemical structure of the solutes, caffeine and ferulic acid, and the solvents, ethyl lactate and water.

Caffeine Ferulic acid Ethyl lactate Water
Group Number of groups Group Number of groups Group Number of groups Group Number of groups
c-C=C 1 CH=CH 1 CH3 2 H2O 1
c-CON-CH3 2 ACH 3 CH2 1
CH3N 1 AC 2 CH 1
ACNH 1 ACOH 1 OH (s) 1
COOH 1 COO 1
CH3O 1