Table 5: Results of numerical simulation.

Joint strength Joint orientation Rolling force Broken area Specific energy
kPa ° kN cm2 J·cm-2
5 0 2.30 121 4.75
45 4.2 130 8.08
90 3.47 133 6.54
135 2.30 128 4.49
50 0 3.95 142 6.95
45 3.41 120 7.08
90 3.72 119 7.80
135 3.86 97 9.97
500 0 4.18 140 7.45
45 4.02 118 8.49
90 4.25 130 8.16
135 4.09 121 8.48