Table 6: Damage types of the bridge elements.

Element Typical Damages Proportion Corresponding Picture
Wing wall Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 4%
Conical slope Breakage 44%
Abutment Concrete scaling 62%
Vertical crack 45%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 42%
Water stains 34%
Pier Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 17% Fig. (7)
Concrete scaling 14%
Vertical crack 5%
Bearing Part separation 14%
Breakage 13%
Shear deformation 7%
Bridge deck pavement Transverse crack 41%
Breakage 16%
Longitudinal crack 10% Fig. (8)
Slant crack 9%
Crocodile crack 8%
Transition slab at bridge head Vehicle bump at bridge head 8%
Expansion joints Breakage of anchorage zone 50%
Blockage 36%
Breakage of sealing strips 29% Fig. (9)
Guardrail Concrete scaling 45% Fig. (10)
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 23%
Crack 14%
Drainage Impeded 16% Fig. (11)
Major load-bearing elements (RC-T) Longitudinal crack 63%
Slant crack 63%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 37%
Water stains 26%
Pitting surface 26%
Corrosion of reinforcement 16%
Concrete scaling 11%
transverse crack 5%
Minor load-bearing elements (wet joint) Crack and water stains 31%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 9%
Pitting surface 6%
Minor load-bearing elements (diaphragm) Crack 15%
Water stains 11%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 11%
Pitting surface 5%
Major load-bearing elements (RC hollow-core slabs) Longitudinal crack 42%
Corrosion of reinforcement 41% Fig. (11)
Transverse crack 41%
Water stains 41%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 23%
Concrete scaling 7%
Hinge joint Crack and water stains 42%
Major load-bearing elements (RC solid slabs) Corrosion of reinforcement 74%
Concrete scaling 33%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 29%
Transverse crack 12%
Water stains 10%
Longitudinal crack 7%
Major load-bearing elements (RC cast-in-place slabs) Water stains 40%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 30%
Longitudinal crack 10%
Transverse crack 10%
Corrosion of reinforcement 10%
Concrete scaling 10%
Major load-bearing elements (PC-T) Water stains 63%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 57%
Longitudinal crack 55%
Corrosion of reinforcement 27%
Concrete scaling 12%
Transverse crack 10%
Major load-bearing elements (PC adjacent box beams) Longitudinal crack 67%
Corrosion of reinforcement 25%
Water stains 22%
Transverse crack 21%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 16%
Major load-bearing elements (PC box girders) Longitudinal crack 65%
Water stains 40%
Concrete scaling and reinforcement exposing 37%
Corrosion of reinforcement 14%
Transverse crack 11%
Slant crack 10%