| No. | Researchers |
Tank Dimension |
Basic Soil Properties |
Sample Preparation |
Stress | PVD Dimension (mm2) |
Mandrel (mm2) |
Speed of Installation ( mm/s) |
Extent Ratio | Permeability Ratio κ = kh/ks |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (kPa) | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
s’=rs/rm or s = rs/rw* |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||||||||||
| 1 |
Sharma and Xiao (2000) [3] 3 zones |
h=400 mm d=1000 mm h/d=0.40 | Reconstituted Kaolinite w=65%, LL=70%, PL=40%, e =1.4, Gs=2.61 |
Kaolinite is mixed water up to w = 2 x LL, put into consolidation tank and be vacuumed for stress at 90 kPa for several days. |
Po = 100 ΔP = 1,102 |
SD diam.= 50 mm |
Circular diam. =50 mm |
5.0 | 4.0 * |
1.3 |
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| 2 | Bergado et al. (1991) [6] 2 zones |
h=920 mm d=455 mm h/d=2.02 |
Reconstituted Soft Bangkok Clay γ=14.7 kN/m3, Cc=0.80, Cs=0.13, e = 2.3 |
Samples are placed in cell consolidation layer by layer. Sand of 5 cm thick is given on the surface. |
Po = 10.2 ΔP = 47.8 |
40 x 6 | 60x60 Recta- ngular |
- | 2.0 | 1.5 – 2.0 | ||||||||||
| 3 |
Saowapakpiboon et al. (2010) [9] 2 zones |
h=500 mm d=305 mm h/d=1.64 |
Reconstituted Soft Bangkok Clay w=113%, LL= 102%,PL=40%, Gs=2.66, γ =14.7 kN/m3 |
The sample is taken into 3-4 m from the ground surface and placed in the cell consolidometer coating. |
- ΔP = 100 |
100 x 3.5 |
- |
- |
2.0 2.0 (+v) |
2.7 2.5 |
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| 4 | Indraratna and Redana (1998) [21] 2 zones |
h=950 mm d=450 mm h/d=2.11 | Reconstituted Alluvial Clay, Sydnay w =40%, LL=70%, PL=30%, Gs=2.6, γ =17.0 kN/m | Samples are mixed with water, placed in a consolidometer cell and compacted layer by layer. Surface is given sand 5 cm. |
Po = 20 ΔP = 200 |
SD diam.= 46 mm | Circular diam. = 50 mm |
- | 4.0 - 5.0 | kh/kv = 1.15 | ||||||||||
| 5 | Indraratna and Rujikiatkamjorn (2004) [22]. 2 zones |
h=950 mm d=450 mm h/d=2.11 |
Reconstituted Alluvial Clay, Moruya w = 45%,LL= 42%, PL=17%, Gs=2.6, γ =17.0 kN/m3 | Samples are mixed with water up to w slightly larger than LL, placed in a coating,compacted using consolidometer cell. |
Po=20 ΔP = 30+50 |
100 x 3 | 125 x 25 Recta- ngular |
- | 3.0 * 3.0 * (+v) |
kh/kv= 1.17 - 1.20 |
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| 6 | Sathananthan and Indraratna (2006) [23] 2 zones |
h=1040 mm d=650 mm h/d=1.60 | Reconstituted Alluvial Clay, Moruya w=45%, LL= 42 %, PL=17%, Gs=2.6, γ =17.0 kN/m3 | Clay is mixed with water, kept on container for several days, placed in coating consolidometer cell (150 mm/Layer), and compacted. |
Po = 20 ΔP = 200 |
100 x 3 | 125 x 25 Recta- ngular | 8.3 | 2.5 | 1.34 | ||||||||||
| 7 | Feng and Yin (2006) [24] 2 zones |
h=450 mm d=300 mm h/d=1.50 | Reconstituted Hongkong Marine Clay, w = 85,6 %, LL= 51.1 %, PL=26.1 %, Gs=2.58 | Clay is mixed with water and stored in container for several days, placed in coating consolidometer cells (150 mm/ layer) and compacted. |
Po = 20 ΔP = 80 |
50 x 5 | 60 x 13 Recta- ngular | - | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||||||||||
| 8 | Shin et al. (2009) [25] 2 zones |
h=1000 mm d=700 mm h/d=1.43 | Reconstituted Busan Clay w=56 %, LL= 46.4 % PL= 24.1 %, Gs= 2.64 |
The test sample passed the sieve No.40. is mixed with water up to w = 2 x LL. The trapped air is removed by vacuum during mixing. |
Po = 50 ΔP = 200 |
85 x 6.4 | 100 x 50 Recta- ngular |
20.0 | 4.0-4.2 (l) 3.3-3.4 (s) |
- - |
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| 9 | Tran-Nguyen and Edil (2011) [26] 2 zones |
h=530 mm we= 350 mm t = 130 mm |
Reconstituted HRK, LL=49 %, PL=24 %, Gs=2.59 | Sample with w equal to the field is placed on the box, placed in SZM instrument coating, and compressed with vibrator. |
Po = 25 i = 20-30 |
100 x 3.2 | 15 x 120 Recta- ngular |
1.0-2.5 | 3.0 (HRK) | 1.03 |
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| Reconstituted CID LL = 49 %, PL=20-25 %,Gs= 2.71 |
4.2 (CID) | 1.25 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | Ghandeharioon et al. (2012) [27] 3 zones |
h = 900 mm d = 650 mm h/d=1.38 |
Reconstituted Lucustrine LL= 55 %, PL=27 %, e = 1.46 |
Sample is mixed with water until w = 1.1 x LL, placed in cell consolidometer layer by layer, and compacted. |
Po = 20 ΔP = 50 |
100 x 4 | - | - | 2.65 | kh/kv= 1.2 - 1.6 |
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| 11 | Chai et al. et al.(2013) [28] 2 zones |
h =700 mm d = 450 mm h/d =1.56 |
Reconstituted Soft Bangkok Clay w=113%, LL=104%, PL = 45%, Gs = 2.66, γ =14.7 kN/m3 |
Samples are placed in cell consolido- meter layer by layer. |
Po = 50 ΔP = 100 |
50 x 3.5 | 81.9 x18.2 Recta- ngular |
- | 2.0 | 3.0 | ||||||||||
| 12 | Rujikiatkamjorn et al.(2014) [29] 3 zones |
h = 561 mm d = 345 mm h/d =1.60 |
Undisturb Bulli Clay w = 41%, LL= 50%, PL=25%, Gs=2.62, γ=18.5 kN/m3 |
The soil around the sample is dug and cut from base, wrapped to prevent loss of w, stored in a humidity- controlled room, and placed into cell consolidometer. |
Po = 20 ΔP = 200 |
we = 50 | 55 x 5 Recta- ngular |
- | 3.7 | 1.33 - 2.85 | ||||||||||
| 13 | Indraratna et al (2015) [30] 2 zones |
h =25,4 mm d= 63,5 mm h/d =0.40 |
Undisturb Ballina Clay w=94,7% ,LL=98%, PL=32%, Gs=2.58, e =2.44, γ=16.5 kN/m3 |
Samples for Oedometer testing are collected from around the PVD installed in the field. A series oedometer testing is performed. |
ΔP = 200 | 100 x 3 | 120 x 60 Recta- ngular |
- | 6.3 | 2.7 | ||||||||||
| 14 | Joseph et al. (2015) [31] 2 zones |
h = 600 mm d= 600 mm h/d=1.00 |
Reconstituted Cochin Marine Clay w = 112%, LL = 156%, PL = 34 %, Gs = 2.62 |
Sample is placed into the tank of consolidometer, with w = LL layer by layer. |
Po = 5 ΔP = 120 |
SD diam. = 46 mm |
Circular diam. = 50 mm |
hammer wi=2.6 kg hi=30 cm |
5.0 - 6.0 | 1.3 - 1.4 | ||||||||||
| 15 | Pajouh et al. (2015) [32] 2 zones |
h =200 mm d = 250 mm h/d =0,80 |
Reconstituted Kaolinite, bentonite w =120%, LL = 67-87%, PL=27-34%, PI=40-43% |
Samples are mixed with water to w= (1.4 -1.8) LL, placed into Rowe cell, given stress cell =110 kPa,and back pressure =100 kPa for saturation. |
Po = 20 ΔP = 200 |
SD diam. = 22 mm |
Circular diam. = 25 mm | - | 3.0 * | 4.0 | ||||||||||
| 16 | Sengul et al. (2016) [33] 2 zones |
h =530 mm we= 350 mm t = 130 mm |
Reconstituted HRK,LL=51%, PL=26%, IP=25%, Gs=2.60 |
Samples with w equal to the field are placed on the box, placed in SZM instrument coating, and compressed with vibrator. |
Po = 25 Δh = 50 |
130 x 18 | 120 x 15 Recta- ngular |
2-5 |
3.3 | 2.0 | ||||||||||
| Reconstituted CID, LL=51%, PL=30%, IP=21%, Gs=2.76 |
2.3 - 2.4 | 2.86 - 3.13 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 17 | Choudhary et al. (2016) [34] 2 zones |
h =450 mm d = 650 mm h/d = 0.69 |
Reconstituted Balina Clay w = 94%, LL= 98%, PL=32%, Gs=2.6 |
Clay is taken 2 m below ground surface, mixed with distilled water with w = 1.4 LL, placed into cell consolidometer, and given a light vibration. |
Po =20 ΔP = 60 |
100 x 4 | 115 x 10 Recta- ngular |
- | 2.5 | 1.3 | ||||||||||