Table 1: List of factors from literature vs. selected factors after pilot study in design stage.

Factors from Literature Status Selected Factors After Pilot Study
A. Factors Due to Structural Design
1. Inadequate structural design Modified 1. Non-compliance with the requirements of design codes and their updates
2. Ignoring the variation of soil types and conditions Modified 2. Ignoring soil investigation or Poor soil investigation leads to the wrong selection of foundation type
3. Ignoring biological, chemical attacks, natural hazards and dampness effects. Modified 3. Ignoring environmental, weather condition, biological and chemical attacks.
4. Ignoring aggressive environment and weather condition effects Merged
5. Ignoring the location of Building Modified 4. Ignoring building locations such as buildings located near the sea.
6. Inappropriate site selection Not Selected
7. Ignoring lateral loads impact on structure stability (winds and earthquakes) Modified 5. Ignoring lateral loads effects (winds and earthquakes).
8. Exceeding allowable deflection values Selected 6. Exceeding allowable deflection limits
Added 7. Ignoring dynamic loads impact on structure stability
9. Inadequate provisions for movement Modified 8. Ignoring the design of expansion, contraction, settlement joint and special construction joint.
10. Inadequate concrete cover on reinforcement Selected 9. Inadequate concrete cover on reinforcement
11. Improperly locating conduits and pipe openings at critical structural locations Selected 10. Improperly locating conduits and pipe openings at critical structural locations
12. Insufficient sizing of structural elements (columns, Beams, walls…etc.) Selected 11. Insufficient sizing of structural elements such as reducing the size of columns, the size of reinforcement bars and foundations.
13. Reducing the size of reinforcement bars and foundations Merged
14. Misjudgment in design leading to assumptions or decisions that are not consistent with the actual behavior of the structure Selected 12. Misjudgment in design leading to assumptions or decisions that are not consistent with the actual behavior of the structure.
15. A roof design that allows water intrusion Selected & Clarified 13. A roof design without inverted beams, which allows water intrusion.
Added 14. Inadequate slab types and loading ways with no consideration for codes related rules especially in long spans and cantilevers.
16. Ignoring the consequence of thermal movement Not Selected
17. Lack of standardization Modified 15. Designing residential buildings away from the municipality’s conditions and engineering association rules.
18. Poor design of concrete mix Modified 16. Lack of technical specification references for residential buildings.
19. Poor materials selection Modified 17. Not defining adequate materials.
B. Factors Due to Consultant Firms Administration and Staff
1. Lack of QA/QC program during design Selected 1. Lack of QA/QC program during design.
2. Poor technical updating and poor staff training Selected 2. Poor technical updating and poor staff training.
3. A decision that is not in accordance with codes Selected 3. A decision that is not in accordance with codes.
4. Poor supervision Modified 4. Poor or Lack of engineering supervision during construction of residential buildings or unqualified supervision
5. Hiring unqualified designers Selected 5. Hiring unqualified designers.
6. Designer field of experience Selected & Clarified 6. Poor field of experience and technical background for structural designers.
7. Designer technical background Merged
8. Designing buildings and systems that do not work as intended or as expected by an owner Selected 7. Design buildings that do not work as intended by the owner (making drop beams, place and size of columns, etc.) which lead to change in design without consulting the engineer.
9. Misjudgment of user's intended use Merged
Added 8. Poor communication between the design firms and the owner.
10. Misjudgment of climatic conditions Not selected
11. Designer ignorance of materials properties Not selected
C. Factors Due to Drawings
1. Lack of references Selected & Clarified 1. Lack of references and details in drawings (cross sections, detailed sections and incomplete detailed drawings).
2. Conflict and discrepancies in details Selected & Clarified 2. Conflicts and discrepancies between architectural and structural drawings.
3. Lack of details Modified 3. Discrepancies in construction drawings (dimensions, scales, reinforcement bars diameters, conflict details...etc.).
4. Inability to read the drawings Selected & Clarified 4. Inability to read the drawings due to language, symbols and scales.