Fig. (2) Treatment targeting the Warburg effect in cardiovascular diseases. Agents that activate AMPK, such as metformin and resveratrol, inhibit hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF1α), CD36/FAT, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Other drugs, such as fenofibrate and dichloroacetate, inhibit the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (p-PDH) via the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDK).