Table 1: Role of the Warburg effect in cardiovascular diseases.

No. Disease Model Event Reference
1 LVH Weanling male Wistar rats Glycolysis ↑
Lactate ↑
[54]
2 LVH
HF
Inbred male Dahl Salt-sensitive rats Glycolysis ↑↑
Lactate ↑
[11]
3 LVH Male Wistar rats PDH ↓
PDK ↑
[93]
4 HF Male C57BL/6 mice with coronary artery ligation or sham operation procedure Glycolysis ↑
Glucose oxidation ↑
Lactate ↑
[14]
5 HF Male Dahl salt-sensitive rats with induced HfpEF Glycolysis ↑
Glucose oxidation ↔
FA oxidation ↓
Lactate ↑
Proton ↑
[8]
6 LVH Mb transgenic mice with transverse aortic constriction surgery Glycolysis ↑
F-2,6-P2 ↑
[94]
7 RVH Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats injected monocrotaline Glycolysis ↑
Glucose oxidation ↔
PDH ↓
PDK ↑
[20]
8 RVH Fawn-hooded rats Glycolysis ↑
Glucose oxidation ↓
PDK ↑
-
9 Chronic cardiac hypertrophy Mouse transaortic-constriction Glycolysis ↑
p-PDH ↑
[95]
10 AF Beagle Canine model of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Glycolysis ↑
LDHA↑
PDK1 ↑
PDK4 ↑
[80]

AF, atrial fibrillation; FA, fatty acid; HF, heart failure; F-2,6-P2, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy