Table 3: Drugs that could be related to the development of an atrophic condition of the tongue.

Drug name	Application	Side effect potentially producing an atrophic tongue	Ref
Metformin	Type 2 diabetes treatment	Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency (in association with proton-pump inhibitor)	[60]
Proton-pump inhibitor (omeoprazole, lansoprazole)	Acid-lowering agent	Vitamin B12 deficiency (in association with metformin)	[53]
Histamine antagonist	Acid-lowering agents	Vitamin B12 deficiency	[61]
Isoniazid	Anti-tuberculosis agent	Vitamin B3 and vitamin B6 deficiency	[49]
Chloramphenicol	Antibiotic	Vitamin B3 deficiency	[58]
Fluorouracil	Cancer treatment (antimetabolite)	Vitamin B3 deficiency	[69]
Oral contraceptives	Contraceptive	Vitamin B6 and folic acid deficiency	[54]
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, valproic acid, gabapentin, phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone)	Treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain	Vitamin B6 and folic acid deficiency	[59]
Cycloserine	Anti-tuberculosis agent	Vitamin B6 deficiency	[62]
Penicillamine	Immunosuppression to treat rheumatoid arthritis	Vitamin B6 deficiency	[63]
Hydrocortisone	Immune system suppression	Vitamin B6 deficiency	[48]
Mercaptopurine	Immunesuppressive agent	Vitamin deficiency	[64]
Methotrexate	Treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases	Folic acid deficiency	[65]
Sulfasalazine	Rheumatoid arthritis treatment	Folic acid deficiency	[66]
Triamterene	Treatment of hypertension and edema	Folic acid deficiency	[67]
Chemotherapy	Cancer treatment	Changes of oral microcirculation	[69, 70]
Bleomycin	Cancer treatment	Tissutal hypoxia	[69, 70]
Bisphosphonates (alendronate, etidronate and risedronate)	Metastatic prevention, treatment of osteoporosis and arthritis rheumatoid	Xerostomia, alteration of cellular turnover	[72]
Antidepressants (clomipramine, doxepin)	Tricyclic antidepressants	Xerostomia, anemia (rare)	[73]
Fluoxetine	Antidepressant	Xerostomia, gastrointestinal disorders	[68]
Venlafaxine	Antidepressant	Xerostomia, gastrointestinal disorders	[68]
Fluvoxamine	Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder	Xerostomia, gastrointestinal disorders	[68]
Serteraline	Antidepressant	Gastrointestinal disorders determining malabsorption	[68, 73]
Antibiotics	Antibacterial activity	Candidiasis, gastrointestinal disorders	[48]
Rivastigmine	Treatment of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type and dementia due to Parkinson's disease.	Gastrointestinal disorders	[74]
Sulfonamides	Various	Hemolytic anemia	[48]
Trihexyphenidyl	Antiparkinsonian agent	Xerostomia	[48]