Table 3: Summarized published data of the studies included in the systematic review.

Article Material: Size, Gender, Age (Years), Dropout Drug Used Dose and Method of Administration Methods of Force
Application
Method of Measurement of GCF/Tooth Movement Observation Time/Follow-up Time Impact of Medication on Tooth Movement Outcome/Author’s Conclusion
Sari et al.,
2004 [26]
• N=36 patients
(18 males/18 females)
• Mean age: 17.6

• No Drop out



Acetylsalicylic acid vs rofecoxib • Group 1
received acetylsalicylic acid, 500 mg 3 times daily for 2 days (activation)
• Group 2 received rofecoxib 25 mg on the day of activation and 12.5 mg on the next day
• Group3 (control)
72 maxillary canine teeth were distalized with 120g of force delivered by NiTi closed-coil springs GCF was obtained at baseline and after the
activation of closed-coil springs at (1, 2, and 7 days) using 4 filter papers
• Observation time was 7 days
• Follow up was not clear
A statistically significant decrease in PGE2 levels in acetylsalicylic acid group at 24 hours unlike rofecoxib
which was similar to control group
Rofecoxib can be used during orthodontic treatment without altering tooth movement
Shetty et al.,
2013 [27]
• N=42 patients

• Mean age: 18

• No drop out
Ibuprofen and acetaminophen • Group 1 received 400 mg of ibuprofen 3 times per day for 2 days
• Group 2 received 500mg acetaminophen three times a day for 2 days
• Group3 (control­)
The maxillary canines were distalized with 150g of force delivered by NiTi coil springs GCF sampling was done at baseline and after the activation of the springs at 24, 48 and 168h using micropipette • 7 days Observation time
• Follow up was not clear
The PGE2 levels in the 1st group at 24 and 48 h were significantly less when compared to the acetaminophen and control groups Ibuprofen inhibits PGE2 synthesis more than acetaminophen
Karadeniz et al., 2011 [28] • N=48 patients
(23 males, 25 females)
• Mean age: 15.27
• No drop out
Fluoride • Group 1 high fluoride-heavy force
• Group 2 low fluoride-heavy force
• Group 3 high fluoride-light force
• Group 4 low fluoride-light force
*Low fluoride concentration areas=0.05 ppm
*high fluoride concentration areas=2 ppm respectively
The patients’ maxillary first premolars were exposed to either heavy (225g) or light (25g) forces were applied using Beta-titanium cantilever springs 2D and 3D evaluation of scanned casts taken before and 4 weeks after activation were superimposed to measure the amount of movement at the buccal and lingual cusps • 4 weeks treatment period
• Follow up was not clear
2D analysis:
G1HH:1.60mm G2LH: 1.33mm G3HL: 1.25mm G4LL: 1.02mm

3D analysis:
G1HH: 1.61mm G2LH: 1.31mm G3HL: 1.15mm G4LL: 1.06mm
• Fluoride and heavy forces both increase tooth movement.

• Two- and three-dimensional methods were accurate for the assessment of tooth movement after four weeks of buccal tipping force application when the palatal rugae were used for superimposition
Yamasaki et al., 1984 [24]
(1st phase)
• N=9 cases
(1 male, 8 females)
• Mean age: 11.73
• No drop out
Prostaglandin
E1
• 10 μg PGE1 was injected in the submucosal area of the buccal side of the maxillary first premolar in the experimental side
• A vehicle was injected to the control side
Two double springs were adjusted to the right and left maxillary first premolars with 100 g of force in the buccal direction Tooth movement was recorded by measuring the distances of the first premolars from the lingual arches • Treatment time was 35 days
• Follow up was not clear
• Prostaglandin to control group ratio was 2.14: 1
• Average tooth movement on the PGE1 side 3.02mm
• Movement of the experimental side was almost doubled with a ratio of 2.14:1 ratio
• No side effects except for slight pain in the first day on both sides
Yamasaki et al., 1984 [24]
(2nd phase)
• N=8 cases
(2 males, 6 females)
• Mean age: 12.55
• No drop out
Prostaglandin
E1
• 10 μg PGE1 was injected in the submucosal area of the distal side of the canine in the experimental side over 2 weeks
• A vehicle was injected to the control side
Maxillary and Mandibular canines of both sides were distalized with sectional contraction loops archwire using 150g of force Distal canine movement was considered as the decrease of the distance between the canine and the anchor molars • 3 weeks treatment time
• Follow up was not clear
The treated side showed greater velocity of tooth movement than the untreated side. • In some cases, tooth movement in the experimental side was doubled
• No side effects were observed in the PGE1 injected area
Yamasaki et al., 1984 [24]
(3rd phase)
• N=8 cases
(2 males, 6 females)
• Mean age: 18.55
• No drop out
Prostaglandin
E1
• 10 μg PGE1 was injected in the submucosal area of the distal side of the canine in the experimental side over 10 days
• A vehicle was injected to the control side
The maxillary canines were distalized with compressed open-coil springs or ringlets using 150g force Distal canine movement was considered as the decrease of the distance between the canine and the anchor molars • 10 days treatment period.
• Follow up was not clear
• Prostaglandin to control group ratio was 1.61: 1
• Average tooth movement on the PGE1 side 2.07mm
Tooth movement of the experimental side was more rapid compared to control side without any side effects
Hussain et al., 2011 [23] • N=15 patients
• Age range: 17-28
• No drop out
Calcitriol • 15μg of calciriol was injected in the distal side of the maxillary canine in the experimental side and 0.2 ml of vehicle in the control side
• 25μg of calciriol was injected in the distal side of the maxillary canine in the experimental side and 0.2 ml of vehicle in the control side.
• 40μg of calciriol was injected in the distal side of the maxillary canine in the experimental side and 0.2 ml of vehicle in the control side
* These injections were repeated three times for every subject at 3 visits
The right and left maxillary canines retraction was carried out in the 2nd phase using SS base archwire with a distalizing force of 150g Tooth movement was measured using digital vernier as the distance between the maxillary canine and 2nd premolar before and after treatment. • 3 weeks treatment
• The follow up period for every patient included five visits at one week intervals
25 μg of calcitriol produces the greatest tooth movement when compared to control and other groups: 1.57±0.84 mm • Calcitriol can reduce treatment time up to 12 weeks without any side effect
• In dose dependent manner it can be a cost-effective way to accelerate OTM
Arantes et al., 2009 [22] • N=36 patients
• Age range: 16-25
• No drop out
Tenoxicam • Group A received 20mg tablet before activation and placebo after
• Group B received the opposite
• Group C received only placebo before and after
Retraction of the maxillary canines was carried out using NiTi springs Tooth movement was determined by measuring the distance between the canine and second premolar teeth with a caliper • 30 days treatment period
• Follow up was not clear
OTM was statistically similar between the tenoxicam & placebo groups Tenoxicam resulted in reduction in pain intensity without alteration in tooth movement
Mcgorray et al., 2011 [21] • N=39 patients
(11males, 28 females)
• Mean age: 26.9
• 4 patients didn’t complete 7 or 8 of 8 doses
Relaxin • 0.2ml of relaxin was injected to the target teeth weekly for 8 weeks
• 0.2ml of placebo was injected to the target teeth weekly for 8 weeks (control)
A series of 4 maxillary aligners each of them was dispensed at week 0, 2, 4 and 6 to produce 2mm for the selected maxillary right and left canines Weekly PVS
impressions were scanned and superimposed according to reference points
• 8 weeks treatment time
• Evaluation of retention (weeks 9-12), then a final visit at week 32 for safety
Average tooth movement over the 8 weeks period was 0.83 mm for the Relaxin group and 0.83mm for the placebo group • No difference in tooth movement was observed between the 2 groups
• No difference in relapse between both groups at 4 weeks follow up period
Patil et al., 2005 [25] • N=15 patients
(5 males,10 females)
• Mean age: 17.78
• 1 case dropped out
Prostaglandin
E1
• 1g of PGE1 was injected in the distal side of the right maxillary canine
• 1g of Lignocaine as a vehicle was injected in the distal side of the left maxillary canine as a control
*These injections were repeated three times for every subject at 3 visits (the 1st day, 6th day and 17th day of the start of canine retraction)
Canine retraction was performed using NiTi retraction coil springs with 150g of light continuous force Occlusalgram of pre and post retraction models were superimposed using specific landmarks, distance traveled by tip of canine was measured with a digital caliper • 60 days treatment duration
• Follow up was not clear
• Mean value of tooth movement in the PGE1 experimental side was 3.5 mm
• Mean value of tooth movement in the control side was 2mm
Significant increase of tooth movement of the experimental canine compared to the control canine with a ratio of 1.7:1 and no side effects