| Effects | Modes of Action of HAP | Caries | Periodontitis | Erosion | Dentin Hypersensitivity | Whitening |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remineralization (dentin and enamel) |
Physical: Attachment and fusion of HAP-particles with tooth tissue: (3), (6), (7), (8), (11), (14) Bio-chemical: Local dissolution, ion donor, crystallization nucleus: (1), (2), (4), (5), (12), (13) |
X | --- | X | X | --- |
| Anti-adhesive effects (microorganisms, biomolecules) |
Physical: Loose/loosely attached HAP-particles as substrate substitute, ingestion and/or spit-out, abrasive effects during application: (6), (7), (8), (10) Bio-chemical: Binding affinity: (6), (7), (9) Biological: Settlement/substrate affinity of different microorganisms: (6), (7), (8) |
X | X | --- | --- | (X) |
| Protective layer |
Physical: Attachment of HAP-particles, layer formation: (3), (11), (21), (22), (23), (24) Bio-chemical: Formation of interphase at interface between HAP crystallites from tooth and synthetic (fusion): (11) |
X | X | X | X | X |
| Occlusion of dentin tubules |
Physical: Introduction of HAP-particles into tubules, layer formation: (15), (16), (17), (18), (19) Bio-chemical: Local dissolution, ion donor, crystallization nucleus, fusion: (19) |
--- | --- | --- | X | --- |
| Calcium and phosphate-reservoir |
Physical: Attachment of HAP-particles, layer formation: (3), (11), (14) Bio-chemical: Local dissolution through extrinsic causes, ion donor: (2) |
X | --- | X | --- | --- |
| Cleaning | Physical: HAP-particles as cleaning agent | X | X | --- | --- | X |
| Binding of proteins and carbohydrates |
Physical: Loose/loosely attached HAP-particles as substrate, ingestion and/or spit-out: (7) Bio-chemical: Binding affinity: (7) Biological: Settlement/substrate stimulus/repellent for different microorganisms: (7), (8), (9), (10) |
X | X | --- | --- | X |
| Compensatory substrate | Bio-chemical: Shift of the ion-balance to a supersaturated state of calcium and phosphate ions: (1), (2) | X | --- | X | X | --- |