Table 3: Chronological overview of orofacial esthetic instrument for clinician evaluation.

Authors and year Name of Instrument Items Response Psychometric Properties
Tortopidis et al. 2007 [17] Professional assessment questionnaire of esthetic treatment need Dentofacial analysis (Upper lip line, smile width, central incisor midline coincides with filtrum, upper midline coincides with lower midline); Dental analysis (Proportion of central incisor, angle classification, skew); General information (Gingiva: height asymmetry, discoloration, inflammation; Teeth - crowded, rotated, spaced teeth, occlusal wear, discolored, over-contour restoration, margin restoration, discolored fixed restoration, discolored fillings, chipped or fracture restoration) Yes/No Good reliability (Cronbach alfa = 0.82)
Özhayat et al. 2014 [18] The Prosthetic Esthetic Index (PEI) Thirteen items on oral facial, prosthetic and dental esthetic aspects: Facial asymmetry, dental arch symmetry, teeth spacing, morphology, color, position, spacing/crowding, the margin of fixed dental prostheses, discoloration, the color of gingiva, retraction of the gingiva, teeth wear, overall esthetic evaluation of the patients Five-point Likert scale Valid and reliable (test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater reliability test, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, sensitivity test)
Rotundo et al. 2015 [19] The Smile Esthetic Index (SEI) Smile line, facial midline; Teeth (alignment, deformity, discoloration); Gingiva (discoloration, recession, excess, gingival scars, diastema) Yes/No Reproducible and reliable tool for assessing esthetic components of a smile. Psychometric test: Inter-rater agreement and intra-rater agreement.
Frese et al. 2019 [20] The Dental Esthetic Screening Index (DESI) Five items on the extraoral aspect: facial and dental midline congruency, angulation between upper incisor and facial midline, the parallelism of canine line and pupillary line, expose upper teeth during smile and parallelism of the smile line.
Seven items in intraoral aspects: gingival contour, interdental papilla position, continuity of upper dental arch, upper teeth angulation, proximal contacts, tooth color and width-height-ratio of the upper central incisor
5 point rating scale Valid and reliable (Psychometric test: inter-and intra-rater reliability, clinical validation with comparison before and after treatment)