Awareness and Utilization of Bulk-Fill Composites among Dental Practitioners in Saudi Arabia

1. INTRODUCTION

The use of dental composite is increasing owing to patient’s demand for tooth-colored restorations [1]. The properties of composite resins have improved significantly in the last few years [2]; however, inherent limitation owing to the shallow depth of cure of resin composite necessitated the utilization of an incremental technique during the placement of composites in cavities deeper than 2 mm [3, 4]. This is done to ensure that light from curing devices can reach the deeper parts of the restoration leading to an adequate degree of conversion of monomers into polymers [5]. This is very critical to the longevity of the restorations since it was reported previously that under-cured resin composites are more likely to fail, necessitating their replacement [6-8].

In order to streamline the clinical procedure of deeper cavities, new formulations were developed which allow for the filling of cavities up to 5 mm deep in a single increment. These materials are known as Bulk-Fill (BF) resin composites [9]; and have different chemistries compared to conventional resin composites [10]. BF materials tend to have special fillers with more translucency values in order to allow deeper penetration of light [11]. Also, higher light-cure irradiance values are required in order to deliver enough energy into the bottom of the cavity enabling the polymerization of the material. Even though, irradiance values between 400 and 600 mW/cm² can be considered adequate for curing conventional resin composite [12], BF formulations require irradiance values exceeding 1,000 mW/cm² in order to ensure an adequate degree of conversion [13]. Further, new and more sensitive photoinitiators are used to ensure adequate initiation and propagation of the polymerization reaction [9].

Understanding key differences in chemistry and application techniques between conventional and BF resin composite is very important to clinicians. Since these materials are relatively new, not all practicing dentists might be aware of these differences. Choosing the correct material, the proper application technique and the light curing device with adequate irradiance value are paramount in ensuring a successful restoration. Furthermore, proper utilization data must be known in order to provide relevant recommendations for daily practice, especially for recently graduating dentists.

Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess the knowledge and utilization of dental practitioners of bulk-fill resin composite materials. Establishing a baseline knowledge status can allow decision-makers and university professors to cope with workplace practices as well as community demand.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3. RESULTS

3.1. Demographic Data

A total of 195 responses were received for the online survey; of which 12 were excluded (10 participants were interns and 2 responses had missing data; Fig. 1). Consequently, the final number of participants in this survey was 183 practitioners. Fifty-one participants did not have previous knowledge of BF composites, and 132 had some knowledge; of which 76 practitioners had used BF composite at some point. The general characteristics of the cohort are included in Table 1. Most participants were general practitioners (95%), graduated from King Abdulaziz University (57%) during the last 10 years (91%), and with less than 5 years of experience (86%).

Table 1.

Category	Response	Percent	Significance Between Responses	P-Value for Z-test
Gender	Male	49.7	No	0.92
	Female	50.3
Nationality	Saudi*	97.8	Yes	< 0.001
	Non-Saudi	2.2
City/region	Central region	9.8	Yes	< 0.001
	Western region*	80.9
	Eastern region	4.9
	Northern region	1.1
	Southern region	3.3
Graduation University	Taiba University	3.8	Yes	< 0.001
	King Saud University	4.4
	King Khalid University	1.6
	Um Al Qura University	2.2
	Alfarabi College	4.4
	King Abdulaziz University*	57.4
	Ibn Sina College	9.8
	Batterjee College	2.7
	Imam University	1.6
	Other	12
Year of Graduation	Before 1980	0	Yes	< 0.001
	1981 - 1990	0.6
	1991 - 2000	2.7
	2001 - 2010	6.0
	2011 – 2019*	90.7
Current Position	General practitioner*	94.5	Yes	< 0.001
	Specialist	3.8
	Consultant	1.1
	Other	0.6
Years of Experience	< 5*	86.3	Yes	< 0.001
	5 - 9	10.9
	10 - 15	1.1
	>15	1.1
Employer	Unemployed	44.8	No	0.054
	Government	31.7
	Private	23.5

3.2. Knowledge Data

Only 76 out of 183 (41.5%) participants have the knowledge and utilize BF composite. Fig. (2) illustrates the proportions of participants in regards to knowledge and utilization. There was no significant difference between females (18%) and males (9.9%) regarding knowledge of BF materials (p = 0.172). The knowledge scale (KS), normalized on a 100 point, with a score below 50% was considered unsatisfactory. The KS data followed a normal distribution and showed that only 18 out of 123 (9.84%) participants had a satisfactory knowledge level. KS was not influenced by gender, years of experience or employment status (p> 0.05).

Table 2 shows the proportions of answers for each question in the knowledge section of the survey along with the results of statistical tests. The data is presented both out of the total participants of the survey (n = 183; percentages might not add to 100%) and out of the participants who responded yes to Q1 (n = 132; percentages will add up to 100%). Lectures were the main source of information (Fig. 3), SDR was the most commonly reported BF material by participants, and core build-up was the most frequent application reported (Fig. 4).

Considering the difference between BF and conventional composites, only a significantly low proportion (7%) chose “photoinitiators” (p< 0.001). A similarly low proportion (7%) chose “degree of conversion/depth of cure” (p< 0.001). In addition, BF materials were considered easier to use compared to conventional formulations (p< 0.001), being not suitable for anterior restorations (6%), and do not require a special cavity preparation (62%) or an incremental approach (70%).

Regarding the minimum irradiance level in mW/cm² for light cure used for BF resin composites, 300 - 600, 601 - 900, and 901 - 1200 mW/cm² were the ranges commonly chosen with no statistical significance between the choices. (p> 0.05; Fig. 5). For conventional composites, however, 901 - 1200, 300 - 600, and 601 - 900 were the ranges chosen with no statistically significant difference between the choices (p> 0.05).

Table 2.

Question	Answer (Abbreviation)	Out of Total Participants (n = 183)1	Percentage out of Knowledgeable Participants (n = 132)2	Multiple Comparison	P-Value	Knowledge Score (points)
%	Total	%	Total
Q2	Lectures (L)	31	69	44	100	L vs. S	0.043	1
-	Supervisors (S)	21		31	-	S vs. W	0.007	1
-	Workshops (W)	11	-	16	-	W vs. C	0.091	1
-	Conferences (C)	6	-	9	-			1
Q3	SDR (BF1)	35	105	33	100	BF1 vs. BF2	0.58	0.5
-	FilltekBulk-Fill (BF2)	32		31	-	BF1 vs. BF3	0.022	0.5
-	TetricBulk-Fill (BF3)	24		23	-	BF2 vs. BF3	0.081	0.5
-	Sonic Fill 2 (BF4)	14		13	-	BF2 vs. BF4	< 0.001	0.5
-				-	-	BF3 vs. BF4	0.011
Q4	Polymers (P)	11	106	11	100	Ph vs. P)	< 0.001	0
-	Filler particles (FP)	27		26	-	Ph vs. FP	< 0.001	0
-	Photoinitiators (Ph)	8		7	-			2
-	Polymerization reaction (PR)	19		18	-	Ph vs. PR	< 0.001	0
-	Polymerization shrinkage and gap formation (PS)	40	-	38	-	Ph vs. PS	< 0.001	0
Q5	Durability (D)	17	126	13	100	DC vs. D	< 0.001	0
-	Color stability (CS)	9		7	-	DC vs. CS	< 0.001	0
-	Polymetric stability (PS)	18		14	-	DC vs. PS	< 0.001	0
-	Marginal adaptability (MA)	28		22	-	DC vs. MA	< 0.001	0
-	Degree of conversion/depth of cure (DC)	8	-	7	-	-	-	2
-	Polymerization shrinkage (PS)	44		35	-	DC vs. PS	< 0.001	0
-	None	2		1	-	DC vs. None	< 0.001	0
-	Other			1	-	DC vs. Other	< 0.001	0
Q6	Agree vs. strongly agree	56	68	78	100	Agree vs. Disagree	< 0.001	0.5 / 1.0
-	Disagree vs. strongly disagree	6		8	-			0
-	Undecided	6		14	-			0
Q7	Core Buildup (TR1)	49	131	38	100	TR1 vs. TR2	0.015	0.5
-	Posterior Restoration (TR2)	37		28	-	TR2 vs. TR3	0.662	1
-	MOD (TR3)	34		26	-	TR2 vs. TR4	< 0.001	1
-	Anterior Restoration (TR4)	6		5	-	TR3 vs. TR4	< 0.001	0
-	I don't know	4		3	-			0
Q8	No	44	72	62	100	No vs. Yes	< 0.001	1
-	Yes	9		13	-			0
-	Maybe	10		14	-			0
-	I don't know	8		11	-			0
Q9	No	14	72	19	100	No vs. Yes	< 0.001	0
-	Yes	44		61	-			1
-	I don't know	14		20	-			0
Q10	For pulpal protection from unreacted monomer (BDC1)	27	72	38	100	BDC1 vs. BDC2	0.276	1
-	For pulpal protection from mechanical irritant (BDC2)	22		31	-	BDC1 vs. BDC3	< 0.001	0
-	For better marginal adaptation (BDC3)	5	-	7	-	BDC2 vs. BDC3	< 0.001	0
-	I don't know	17		-	-			0
Q11	No	50	72	70	100	No vs. Yes	< 0.001	0.5
-	Yes	9		12	-			0
-	Maybe	8		11	-			0
-	I don't know	5		7	-			0
Q12	3	13	72	18	100	3 vs. 4	< 0.001	0
-	4	34		47	-	≥5 vs. 4	0.067	2
-	≥5	25		35	-	≥5 vs. 3	0.009	0
Q13	No	54	72	74	100	No vs. Yes	< 0.001	0
-	Yes	19		26	-			2
Q14	300 - 600 (IRR1)	23	72	32	100	IRR1 vs. IRR2	0.303	0
-	601 - 900 (IRR2)	19		26	-	IRR1 vs. IRR3	0.115	0
-	901 - 1,200 (IRR3)	16		23	-	IRR1 vs. IRR4	< 0.001	2
-	>1,200 (IRR4)	8		11	-	IRR2 vs. IRR3	0.582	0
-	<300 (IRR5)	6		8	-	IRR2 vs. IRR4	0.004	0
-				-	-	IRR3 vs. IRR4	0.017
-				-	-	IRR4 vs. IRR5	0.416
Q15	901 - 1,200 (IRR1)	24	72	33	100	IRR1 vs. IRR2	0.452	0
-	300 - 600 (IRR2)	21		29	-	IRR1 vs. IRR3	0.092	1
-	601 - 900 (IRR3)	17		24	-	IRR1 vs. IRR4	< 0.001	2
-	<300 (IRR4)	8		11	-	IRR2 vs. IRR3	0.35	0
-	>1,200 (IRR5)	2		3	-	IRR2 vs. IRR4	0.001	0
-				-	-	IRR3 vs. IRR4	0.012
-				-	-	IRR4 vs. IRR5	0.01
Q16	No	20	72	28	100	No vs. Yes	0.068	2
-	Yes	28		39	-			0
-	Maybe	10		14	-			0
-	I don't know	14		19	-			0

¹Percentages out of the total survey participants. Percentages might not add up to 100%
²Percentages out of participants who responded yes to Q1 (participants with knowledge about bulk-fill composites). Percentages will add up to 100%.

Table 3.

Question	Answer (Abbreviation)	Out of Total Participants (n = 183)1	Percentage out of Bulk Fill Users (n=76)2	Multiple Comparison	P-Value
%	Total	%	Total
Q18	Never	31	72	42	100	Never vs. Rarely	0.076
	Rarely	22	-	31	-	Never vs. Often	< 0.001
	Sometimes (every 2-3 month)	7	-	9	-	Rarely vs. Often	0.013
	Often	13	-	18	-	Sometimes vs. Often	0.051
Q19	Easy	27	40	68	100	Easy vs. Other responses	< 0.001
	Other responses (not easy)	13	-	32	-	-	-
Q20	1-3	29	42	70	100	1-3 vs. 4 or more	< 0.001
	4 or more	13	-	30	-	-	-
Q21	SDR (BF1)	23	56	41	100	BF1 vs. BF2	0.369
	Filltek Bulk-Fill(BF2)	19	-	34	-	BF1 vs. BF3	0.002
	Tetric Bulk-Fill (BF3)	11	-	20	-	BF2 vs. BF3	0.028
	SonicFill 2 (BF4)	2	-	4	-	BF3 vs. BF4	< 0.001
	Other	1	-	1	-	-	-
Q22	Very little	8	39	20	100	A lot of time vs. Very little	0.01
	Sometime	15	-	38	-	A lot of time vs. Sometime	0.665
	A lot of time	16	-	42	-	Sometime vs. Very little	0.031
Q23	No/Maybe	10	42	24	100	No/Maybe vs. Yes	< 0.001
	Yes	32	-	76	-	-	-

¹Percentages out of the total survey participants. Percentages might not add up to 100%.
²Percentages out of participants who responded yes to Q17 (bulk-fill user).Percentages will add up to 100%.

4. DISCUSSION

BF composites have been launched to the dental market to simplify restorative procedures by filling cavities in one increment. This has been related to the translucency of resin matrix [14] and the development of new photoinitiator systems [15], which allow curing of BF composites in an increment of 4 – 5 mm [16]. Since then, their use has been extended to cover several applications, including posterior restorations [17], bases and liners [18] and core build-up [19]. These materials are available as low viscous (flowable) or highly viscous (sculptable). The flowable types suit deep parts of cavities as they can easily flow to fill all parts, but they are not strong enough to withstand forces of mastication. They, therefore, have to be capped with the more viscous type [20]. This survey aimed to investigate the awareness and utilization of BF composites among dental practitioners working in Saudi Arabia.

The proportion of females with satisfactory knowledge level was higher than males, but when it comes to utilization, females had a lower utilization rate than males. As expected, with ≥ 5 years of experience, the level of satisfactory knowledge and utilization of BF composites increases and working in privates sectors was associated with a higher level of satisfactory knowledge and utilization rate. On the contrary, regardless of the ease of use and time saving with BF composites as highlighted by participants, this has no impact on their utilization or frequency of use but the recommendation to colleagues. This indicates that there is no association between the knowledge the participants had and their utilization. This could be related to materials availability, participants’ preference, or lack of training.

Considering the difference between BF and conventional composites, polymerization shrinkage and gap formation came first but not photoinitiators, degree of conversion, and depth of cure. This could indicate that the participants are only concerned with the clinical performance of the material but not with the actual change in composition that brought such performance. Several approaches have been employed by manufacturers to improve the depth of cure of BF composites [21]. They include the addition of more reactive photoinitiators to the commonly used comphorquinone [22]. Another approach relies on increasing the material translucency by increasing the filler content, reducing the filler size and controlling its refractive index [23]. It is imperative that the practicing dentist becomes aware of these variations in order to modify the application technique based on the intended application.

Regarding the polymerization shrinkage and gap formation of BF versus conventional composites, there is a big controversy in the literature, and this has always been related to the type of BF being used [24, 25, 23]. Some studies showed that BF composite has lower polymerization shrinkage and gap formation than conventional composites [26, 27]. Other studies, however, showed comparable shrinkage for both material types [28, 29]. Studies focusing on photoinitiator systems in both BF and conventional composites are very scarce. This might also contribute to the lack of concern of participants with the type of photoinitiators in their responses.

Although participants showed good overall knowledge regarding the fact that bulk-fill composites can be used at once to fill cavities of 4 - 5 mm, it should also be brought to attention that in cases where the cavity depth is greater than 5 mm, as in endodontically treated teeth or in class II cavities with very deep gingival margin, an incremental approach is recommended with a maximum incremental size of 4 - 5 mm following manufacturer’s recommendations. This is needed to ensure adequate transfer of the light energy from the light cure device across the material and into the deeper potions of the filling.

Polymerization of the dental composite is crucial for optimizing its physical and mechanical properties as well as the clinical success [30]. Inadequate polymerization results in reduced mechanical and physical properties, decreased bond strength with tooth structure, marginal deterioration, and possible cytotoxicity [31]. Therefore, using the appropriate light-curing unit to deliver adequate and sufficient energy required for optimum polymerization is needed. For polymerization of dental composites, irradiation with blue or blue/violet light is required [32]. Parameters as irradiance, radiance exposure, and irradiation spectrum are the main parameters to be considered for each light curing unit used for polymerization of dental composites [32]. With recent light emitting diode (LED) curing devices, the irradiance has been dramatically enhanced to reduce the exposure time required for successful polymerization [33]. Most modern devices operate at irradiance of 1000 - 1500 mW/cm². The conventional quartz-tungesten-halogen (QTH) curing devices have irradiance level of 400 - 500 mW/cm^2, [34]. With BF composites that have a variety of photoinitiators, the development of curing unit with multiple LEDs (polywave LED) has been introduced to emit different wavelengths to cover different photoinitiators [36]. For most BF composites, a monowave or polywave LED curing device with irradiance level ≥1000 mW/cm² is required [35]. From the responses in the survey, there is a knowledge gap regarding the minimum irradiance level required for both BF and conventional composites. The most commonly chosen level was 300 - 600 mW/cm² for BF and 901 - 1200 mW/cm² for conventional composites.

CONCLUSION

According to the results of this survey, several key points require reinforcement and hands-on training in both didactic and clinical sessions. Firstly, nearly 93% of the participants, unemployed males with >5 years of experience, in particular, have unsatisfactory knowledge level about BF composites. Since the study was conducted between November 2019 and March 2020, some effects of the COVID-19 pandemic might have affected the employment status. Secondly, most participants considered polymerization shrinkage and gap formation, but not the photoinitiator and depth of cure, as the main difference between BF and conventional composites. Thirdly, the minimum irradiance level of light cure, required for BF and conventional composites, has also been misperceived by participants. Finally, regardless of the ease of use and time saving with BF composites as highlighted by participants, these factors had no statistically significant effect on the use or frequency of use of BF composites by participants. The highest utilization rate was observed with those having ≥ 5 years of experience; still, the overall utilization of BF was low. There was, however, a strong correlation between the ease of use and recommendation of the use of BF composites to colleagues. Therefore, for a future course or program improvement, different ways to encourage participants to apply what they learn should be considered to solve this issue.

REFERENCES