| Drug and therapy | Mechanisms of action | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin and its derivatives | Glucose metabolisms | Not significance |
| Sulphonylurea | Stimulate insulin secretions | Gastrointestinal (20-30%) Infections (20%) |
| Biguanide (Metforrnin) | Decrease amount of sugar productions by liver | Metabolisms |
| Acarbose Voglibose |
α-glucosidase inhibitors | Gastrointestinal (20-30%) |
| Pioglitazone | Receptor agonists | Heart failure (1-5%) Bladder carcinoma (1-2%) |
| Sitagliptin Vidagliotin Saxagliptin |
Dipeptidy peptidase IV inhibitors | Injection |
| GLP-1 analogues | Nature pepetic C | Injection |
| Gene therapy | Insulin-formation | Under-investigation |
| Pancreatic transplantation | Recovery of pancreatic function | Difficult to implement |
| Exercise | Mimics insulin actions | Not significance |
| Curcumin Resveratol |
Plant chemicals Wider biochemical pathways |
Low |
| Other melbine | Variable | Variability |
| Smoke cessation | Cardiovascular risks | No |
| Aspirin | Cardiovascular risks | Blood coagulation impair |
| Vaccine | Infections | Not obvious |
| Gastric bariatric surgery | Obesity | Expensive |
| Orlistat | Obesity (pancreatic lipase) | Only drug for obesity |
| Propolis | Disease complication | No |
| Natto | Vascular softness | No |
| Herbal drug (>500) | Variable | Variability |
| α-thioctic acids (Lipoic acid) | Disease complications | Not obvious |
| New anti-diabetic drugs | SGLT-2 inhibition DPP4 antagonists |
Under investigations |