| Targets | Pathways and Symptoms | Personal Opinions |
| Glucose | Decrease glucose concentrations in animal and human by glucose metabolism interference Substitute or compete food glucose intake with other mono carbohydrates or glucose-derivatives |
Controversy Controversy |
| Insulin | Human insulin and its derivatives Modulators of pancreatic island ß-cell Muscle content and insulin-receptor Pharmaceutical innovations (oral forms of insulin) |
First line therapy Potential Important Future trends |
| Disease complications | Cardiovascular complications Nephropathy Obesity Chronic leg infection etc. |
Potential and need to be improved |
| Hepatic functions | Ameliorate of damaged cells and metabolism | Future trend |
| Genetic changes | Gene therapy or other biomedical therapies | Promising |
| Leg ischemic | Surgery | Not satisfactory |
| Life styles | Educations Regular exercise Lifestyle and behavior changes |
Adherence Persistence |