Table 4: The common therapeutic drugs in clinical diabetes treatments.

Drug and Therapy Mechanisms of Action Adverse Events
Insulin and its derivatives Glucose metabolisms Not significance
Sulphonylurea Stimulate insulin secretions Gastrointestinal (20-30%)
Infections (20%)
Biguanide (Metforrnin) Decrease amount of sugar productions by liver Metabolisms
Acarbose
Voglibose
α-glucosidase inhibitors Gastrointestinal (20-30%)
Pioglitazone Receptor agonists Heart failure (1-5%)
Bladder carcinoma (1-2%)
Exercise Mimics insulin actions Not significance
Curcumin
Resveratol
Plant chemicals
Wider biochemical pathways
Low
Other melbine Variable Variability
α-thioctic acids (Lipoic acid) Disease complications Not obvious
New anti-diabetic drugs SGLT-2 inhibition
DPP4 antagonists
Under investigations