Table 2: Estimation of the Association Between Maternal Epilepsy During Pregnancy and Different CAs on the Basis of Compari-sons of Cases and All Matched Controls

I
Study Group Grand Total No. Epileps Without Treatment Monotherapy Polytherapy
No. % OR 95% CI* No. % No. % OR 95% CI* No. % OR 95% CI**
Controls 38,15 90 0.24 referenc 10 0.0 50 0.13 reference 30 0.08 reference
Isolated CAs
Neural-tube defects 1,202 7 0.58 1.9 0.8-4.4 1 0.1 4 0.33 1.5 0.3-6.8 2 0.17 2.0 0.2-14.0
Cleft lip ± palate 1,375 11 0.80 3.4 1.8-6.4 0 0.0 2 0.15 1.2 0.3-4.8 9 0.65 8.7 4.1-18.3
Cleft palate 601 5 0.83 3.5 1.4-8.8 0 0.0 2 0.33 2.7 0.6-11.0 3 0.50 6.6 2.1-21.7
Cardiovascular CAs 4,480 25 0.56 2.4 1.5-3.7 5 0.1*** 8 0.18 1.4 0.7-3.0 12 0.27 3.5 1.8-6.9
Oesophageal atresia/stenosis 217 3 1.38 5.9 1.9-18.9 0 0.0 2 0.29 7.4 1.8-30.7 1 0.46 6.1 0.8-45.2
Hypospadias 3,038 13 0.42 1.8 1.0-3.3 3 0.1 7 0.23 1.8 0.8-4.1 3 0.10 1.3 0.4-4.3
Undescended testis 2,052 7 0.34 1.4 0.7-3.1 0 0.0 6 0.29 1.3 0.9-5.4 1 0.05 0.6 0.1-4.7
Clubfoot 2,424 5 0.21 0.9 0.4-2.2 0 0.0 4 0.17 1.3 0.5-3.6 1 0.04 0.5 0.1-4.0
Poly/syndactyly 1,744 5 0.29 1.2 0.5-3.0 2 0.1 1 0.06 0.5 0.1-3.3 2 0.11 1.5 0.4-6.3
Other isolated CAs 4,361 9** 0.21 0.9 0.5-1.7 1 0.0 4 0.09 0.8 0.3-2.1 4 0.09 1.0 0.3-13.3
Multiple CAs 1,349 5 0.37 1.6 0.6-3.9 0 0.0 1 0.07 0.6 0.1-4-3 4 0.30 3.9 1.4-11.1
Total 22,843 95 0.42 1.8 1.3-2.4 12 0.1 41 0.18 1.4 0.9-2.2 42 018 2.4 1.5-3.9

* ORs adjusted for maternal age and employment status, use of folic acid during pregnancy, and birth order in conditional logistic regression models
** Cong. pyloric stenosis 2, microtia 1, lung hypoplasia 1, intestinal atresia 1, vaginal atrtesia 1, exomphalos 1, torticollis 1, pectus excavatum 1
*** Crude OR with 95% CI: 3.3, 1.2 – 9.2
Bold numbers show significant associations