Table 5: Components of Multiple CAs and Antiepileptic Drugs Used for the Treatment of Maternal Epilepsy

Antiepileptics Component CAs

Primidone Microcephalia ± undescended testis ± clubfoot

Phenytoin Cleft lip with cleft palate ± microtia ± patent ductus arteriosus ± syndactyly
Primidone
Diazepam
Mephenytoin

Primidone Cleft palate ± microtia ± ventricular septal defect ± pseudohermaphroiditism
Phenacemide
Phenobarbital

Phenytoin Cleft lip with palate ± oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula ± ventricular septal defect ± hypospadias
Trimethadione
Phenacemide
Clonazepam
Morsuximide

Valproate Spina bifida ± complex cardiovascular CA (ventricular septal defect ± patent ductus areteriosus) ± hypospadias
Diazepam
Primidone