Table 1: The EPDS CFA studies.

References Country N Period Model Goodness of Fit
Jomeen et al. (2007) [76] UK 148 27–40 GW AN F1: 1, 2, 8
F2: 3, 4, 5
F3: 10
χ2 = 28.70, df =13; RMSEA = 0.10; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98
Phillips et al. (2009) [77] Australia 309 0–12 months PN F1: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
F2: 3, 4, 5
χ2 = 20.92, df =8; RMSEA = 0.07; CFI = 0.98; Normed χ2 = 2.62
Vivilaki et al. (2009) [78] Greece 120 0–16 weeks PN F1: 7, 8, 9
F2: 4, 5, 6
χ2 = 9.60, df =8; RMSEA = 0.041; CFI = 0.98; Normed χ2 = 2.62
Lau et al. (2010) [79] China 300 0–28 GW AN F1: 1, 2
F2: 3, 4, 5
F3: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
RMSEA = 0.048; CFI = 0.991; GFI = 0.877; SRMR = 0.0516
Reichenheim et al. (2011) [61] Brazil 811 0–5 months PN F1: 1, 2, 6
F2: 3, 4, 5
F3: 7, 8, 9, 10
General factor
1-10
bifactor model
RMSEA = 0.026 (90% CI = 0.05–0.41); CFI = 0.997; TLI = 0.995
King et al. (2012) [80] USA 169 1 week–12 months PN F1: 1, 2
F2: 3, 4, 5
F3: 7, 8, 9, 10
Satorra-Bentler scaled,χ2 = 21.70, df = 24; RMSEA = 0.00 (90% CI = 0.00–0.06); CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.97; SRMR = 0.05
Hartley et al. (2014) [81] USA 122 0–10 months PN F1: 1, 2, 8, 9
F2: 3, 4, 5
χ2 = 21.02, df = 13; RMSEA = 0.07; CFI = 0.96; SRMR = 0.04
USA 98 F1: 1, 2, 8, 9
F2: 3, 4, 5
χ2 = 21.94, df = 13; RMSEA = 0.08; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.05
Kubota et al. (2014) [27] Japan 690
(345 for CFA)
1 month PN F1: 3, 4, 5
F2: 1, 2
F3: 7, 8, 9
RMSEA=0.092; CFI=0.962; GFI=0.954; AGFI=0.902
Töreki et al. (2014) [82] Hungary 266 6 weeks PN F1: 3, 4, 5, 6
F2: 1, 2, 9, 10
χ2 = 35.89, df =19; RMSEA = 0.058
Zhong et al. (2014) [83] Peru 1,517 0–16 GW AN F1: 1, 2
F2: 3, 4, 5, 6
F3: 7, 8, 9, 10
RMSEA=0.034; SRMR=0.022
Cunningham et al. (2015) [60] Australia 478 Admission F1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
F2: 4, 5
χ2 = 104.713, df = 26; RMSEA = 0.080; CFI = 0.988;
TLI = 0.979; SRMR = 0.032
Discharge F1: 1, 2
F2: 3, 4, 5
F3: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
χ2 = 26.795, df = 18; RMSEA = 0.032; CFI = 0.999;
TLI = 0.997; SRMR = 0.016
Odalovic et al. (2015) [84] Australia 76 AN F1: 3, 4, 5
F2: 7, 9, 10
F3: 1, 2
χ2 = 47.90; RMSEA = 0.08 (90% CI = 0.02–0.13); CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.92
125 0–1 year PN χ2 = 389.46; RMSEA = 0.04 (90% CI = 0.00–0.08); CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.97
Gollan et al. (2016) [85] English 15,172
(10,117 for CFA)
4–6 weeks PN F1: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 χ2 = 1340, df = 14; RMSEA = 0.0968; Standardized Root Mean = 0.0234; Parsimoninous GFI = 0.6418
GFI = 0.9627; Bentler-Bonnet Normed Fit Index = 0.9726
Albuquerque et al. (2017) [86] Brazil 3,891 1–3 months PN F1: 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 χ2 = 407.315, df = 9; RMSEA = 0.073; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.95; SRMR = 0.030
Coates et al. (2017) [87] UK 12,166 18 GW AN F1: 1, 2
F2: 3, 4, 5, 6
F3: 7, 8, 9, 10
χ2 = 729.70, df = 32; RMSEA = 0.052 (90% CI = 0.049–0.055); CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.94; ParsimoninousCFI = 0.056
12,110 32 GW AN χ2 = 553.67, df = 32; RMSEA = 0.045 (90% CI = 0.042–0.048); CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.96; ParsimoninousCFI = 0.0569
11,710 8 weeks PN χ2 = 879.50, df = 32; RMSEA = 0.057 (90% CI = 0.054–0.060); CFI = 0.96; TLI = 0.93; ParsimoninousCFI = 0.0559
11,195 8 months PN χ2 = 762.51, df = 32; RMSEA = 0.053 (90% CI = 0.050–0.056); CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.95; ParsimoninousCFI = 0.0563;
Kozinszky et al. (2017) [88] Hungary 2,967 12–30 GW AN F1: 1, 2
F2: 4. 5
F3: 8, 9
RMSEA = 0.009; CFI= 0.999; TLI= 0.998
714 6 weeks PN F1: 1, 2
F2: 4, 5
F3: 3, 6, 10
RMSEA = 0.060; CFI= 0.965; TLI= 0.912
Kubota et al. (2018) [89] Japan 771 Early pregnancy (25.1 [SD 7.1] weeks) F1: 7, 9
F2: 4, 5
F3: 1, 2
χ2 = 7.694, df = 6; CFI = 0.999; RMSEA = 0.01
Late
Pregnancy (36.2 [SD 1.0] week)
χ2 = 19.824, df = 6; CFI = 0.990; RMSEA = 0.025
5 days PN χ2 = 8.151, df = 6; CFI = 0.999; RMSEA = 0.011
1 month PN χ2 = 6.791, df = 6; CFI = 0.999; RMSEA = 0.007

AGFI, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index; AN, Antenatal; CFI, Comparative Fit Index; df, Degrees of Freedom; GFI, Goodness-of-Fit Index; GW, Gestation Week; PN, Postnatal; RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; SRMR, Standardised Root Mean Square Residual; TLI=Tucker-Lewis Index