No. | Medicinal Plants, Name and (Family) | Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|---|
1. |
Abies koreana E.H. Wilson (Pinaceae) |
Improves the memory in scopolamine model of AD in mice. | [23] |
2. |
Acorus gramineu Sol. (Acoraceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory and antioxidant activity. Increases the learning and memory ability in rat model of AD. |
[24, 25] |
3. |
Avicennia officinalis L. (Acanthaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity in vitro | [26] |
4. |
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennel (Plantaginaceae) |
Improved cognitive function and reduced loss of neurons in animal model of AD. Enhances learning and memory in randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. | [27-32] |
5. |
Berberis darwinii Hook (Berberidaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity in vitro. | [33] |
6. |
Cassia obtusifolia (L.), Syn.: Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae) |
Attenuates oxidative stress and Ca+2 dysregulation in primary hippocampal cultures. | [34] |
7. |
Caulis spatholobi (L.) (Fabaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity | [35-40, 41, 42-45] |
8. |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae) |
It sharpens memory and improves concentration as well as cognitive function. | [32] |
9. |
Centella asiatica (L.), Urb. (Apiaceae) |
Reduces apoptosis and hippocampal Aβ levels in vitro and in vivo. Enhances learning and memory function in mice models of AD. Potential use in the prevention and treatment of beta-amyloid toxicity and AD. | [32, 46-48] |
10. | Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Blume (Lauraceae) | Inhibits the formation of Aβ oligomers. Reduces Aβ toxicity in neuronal PC12 cells. Reduces Aβ oligomer and improves cognition in mice model of AD. |
[49] |
11. | Citrus medica (L.) (Rutaceae) | Elicits anti-cholinesterase activity. | [50] |
12. |
Cocus nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae) |
Reduces deposition of Aβ in cerebral cortex and tau-1 expression in hippocampus. Protect from amyloidosis and taupathy (neurofibrillary targets in brain of ovarictomized rats. Estrogenic activity. |
[51, 52, 53, 54] |
13. |
Collinsonia candadensis (L.) (Lamiaceae) |
Called horsebalm. Major constituents are carvacol and thymol that crosses blood-brain barrier which are used for AD, | [55] |
14. |
Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (Convolvulaceae) |
Dose-dependent enhancement of memory was found in mice. | [32] |
15. |
Curcuma longa (L.) (Zingiberaceae) |
Statistics indicate definitely (4.4-fold) lower incidence of AD in countries where Curcuma longa is part of daily diet. | [32] |
16. | Danggui-Shaoyao-San (Apiaceae) | Improve cognitive function in age related memory dusfunction, reduces Aβ25-35 induced neuronal cell death and antiapoptotic effect in PC12 cells, ameliorate Aβ25-35 induced impairment of spatial learning and memory in mice | [56, 57, 58, 59] |
17. |
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) (Fabaceae) |
Elicits AChE inhibitory activity. Improves learning and memory in scopolamine and ageing models of AD in mice | [60] |
18. |
Epimedium koreanum (L.) (Berberidaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity in vitro | [61] |
19. |
Ganoderma lucidum Curtis) P. Karst (Ganodermataceae) |
Attenuates Aβ induced synaptotoxicity by preserving synaptophysin and inhibits Aβ induced apoptosis and c-JNK phosphorylation | [62, 63] |
20. |
Erigon breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz. (Asteraceae) |
Suppresses lipid peroxidation, expression of nACh α-7 protein, β Apeptide in SH-SY5Y cells | [64, 65] |
21. |
Hupezia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trevis (Huperziaceae) |
National Institute of Aging has the clinical trial in Phase II of its extract particularly on AD. | |
22. |
Lavendula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) |
Reduces aggression and improves neuropsychiatric behavior in a cross over randomized trial for treating agitated behaviors of demented people in Hong Kong. | [66, 67, 68, 69] |
23. |
Lycium barbarum (L.) (Solanacea) |
Protects against the toxicity of fibrillar Aβ1-42 and Aβ25-35 in rat cortical neurons Exerts antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity |
[70, 71, 72] |
24. |
Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae) |
Improves learning and memory in and process organized synaptic signaling in open label trial Exerts antioxidant activity in mice model of AD |
[73, 74] |
25. |
Morus alba L. syn.: Morus atropurpurea Roxb. (Moraceae) |
Augments the antioxidant defense system Improves learning and memory in mice model of AD |
[75] |
26. |
Murraya koenigii Sprangel (Rutaceae) |
Improves memory and learning in mice models of AD | [76] |
27. |
Oldenlandia affinis Roem. & Schult. (Rubiaceae) |
Inhibits β-secretase activity and decreases Aβ production | [78] |
28. |
Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews (Paeoniceae) |
Inhibits β-secretase activity and decreases Aβ production | [79, 80] |
29. |
Phangnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae) |
Exhibits antioxidant and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity. | [81, 82] |
30. |
Physostigma venenosa (L.) Balf. (Labiatae) |
Its physostigmine content has relevance to cholinergic therapy in Alzheimer’s disease | [83] |
31. |
Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold, Syn.: Pinus heldreichii H. Christ (Pinaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity in vitro | [84] |
32. |
Prosopis Africana (Guill. & Perr) Taub. (Fabaceae) |
Inhibits β-secretase activity and decreases Aβ production | [78] |
33. |
Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae) |
Inhibits β-secretase activity and decreases Aβ production | [85, 86] |
34. |
Punica granatum (L.) (Lythraceae) |
Reduces accumulation of Aβ42 and amyloid deposition in hippocampus in transgenic mice (APP (SW)/Tg2576) and protected PC12 cells from H2O2 induced oxidative stress and increases cognitive function, and inhibits cell death by Aβ induced oxidative stress in mice. | [87-91] |
35. |
Paeoniae alba Pall. (Paeoniaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity | [35-40, 41, 42-45] |
36. |
Salvia miltiorrhizae Bunge (Labiatae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity | [35-40, 41, 42-45] |
37. |
Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn) Steud, (Orbanchanceae) |
Induces the expression of glial cell line derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) in cells and cultured astrocytes | [92, 93, 94, 95], [96, 97, 98] |
38. |
Rhizophora x lamarckii (Hybrid of Rhizophora apiculata & R. Stylosa (Rhizophoraceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity in vitro | [26] |
39. |
Salvia leriifolia Benth. (Lamiaceae) |
Exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. | [99, 100] |
40. |
Salvia officinalis, (L) (Lamiaceae) |
Protects PC12 cells from neurotoxicity and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Improves learning and memory in patients of moderate AD in a double blind randmozed placebo controlled multicenter trial. | [101, 102, 103, 104, 105] |
41. |
Salvia sclareoides Brot. (Lamiaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity in vitro | [106, 107, 108] |
42. |
Sesuvium portulacastrum (L) (Aizoaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity in vitro | [26] |
43. |
Suaeda monica Forsk. Ex J.F. Gmel. (Chenopodiaceae) |
Exerts AChE inhibitory activity in vitro | [26] |
44. |
Tabernaemontana divaricata(L) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Apocynaeeae) |
Inhibits cortical AChE activity and enhances cortical neuronal activity | [109] |
45. | Thespesia populnea (L) (Malvaceae) | Exerts inhibition of AChE activity. Improves learning and memory in diazepam and scopolamine models of AD in mice. | [110] |
46. |
Trichilia emetic Vahl. (Meliaceae) |
Inhibits β-secretase activity and decreases Aβ production | [85, 86] |
47. |
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) (Rubiaceae) |
Inhibits fibril formation of both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42in vitro | [111], [112, 113, 114, 115] |
48. |
Valeriana amurensis P. Smirn. (Valerianaceae) |
Inhibits the expression of β-APP, Aβ1-40 and formation of senile plaques decreases. Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular fate of cortical and hippocampal neurons in rat model of AD. |
[116, 117, 118, 119] |
49. | Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Vitaceae) |
Inhibits neuronal apoptosis and exhibit antioxidant activity in cultures of rat cortical neurons. Improves learning and memory in mice models of AD | [120] |
50. |
Withania somnifera (L) Dunal (Solanaceae) |
Semipurified extract of Withania somnifera reverses Alzheimer's disease pathology. Nerving tonic, aphrodistic, rejuvenative, antioxidant activity, calming effect, reverses behavioural deficit. | [32, 121-126] |
51. |
Zingiber officinalis Rosc. (Zingeberaceae) |
Exerts Aβ aggregating, antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activity. | [127, 128] |