Table 1: History of surgical robots.

Publication Date Robot Application Investigator
1988 PUMA 560 Stereotaxy Kwoh et al. [33]
1989 Neuromate Stereotaxy Benabid et al. [28]
1991 PUMA 200 Retractor Drake [34]
1993 Minerva Stereotaxy Glauser et al. [35]
1997 RAMS Microsurgery Kozlowski et al. [36]
1999 Steady-Hand Dexterity Enhancement Taylor et al. [37]
2001 Harvard MR-Compatible Stereotaxy Chinzei et al. [38]
2001 RoboSim Neurosurgical Simulator Radstzky & Radolph [39]
2002 Evolution 1 Stereotaxy, Endoscopy Zimmerman et al. [40]
2002 Neurobot Endoscopy Ogiwara et al. [44]
2004 neuroArm Dexterity Enhancement Louw et al. [41]
2006 PathFinder Stereotaxy Eljamel et al. [42]
2007 Rennaissance Stereotaxy Shoham et al. [43]
2014 Medrobotics Flex Stereotaxy, Endoscopy Medrobotics Co [31]
2016 Mazor X Stereotaxy FDA approved Renaissance robot (Mazor Robotics, Israel)
2016 Excelsius Surgical Stereotaxy Globus Medical, Inc (Audubon, PA)
2017 iArmS Arm-Support robot Ogiwara et al. [31]