Table 2: Definition of the Gildenberg technology scale.

Phase Definition
1 The device can do what the surgeon can do manually, but not as efficiently or not as fast. This is of interest only to the inventor
2 The device can do what the surgeon does, just as fast and just as efficiently. This is of interest to the developer and possibly to potential or actual investors. It may be more useful for marketing than for surgery.
3 The device can do what the surgeon does, but faster or better. This is of interest to other surgeons and to investors, may be cost effective, and may be used at many institutions.
The device can do something the surgeon cannot do without the robot. This is disruptive or revolutionary technology, of interest to all.