| Disease* | Pathogen | Mode of transmission | Reservoir | IC, EC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tick-borne co-infections | ||||
| HGA (HGE) HME |
Anaplasma
phagocytophila E. chaffeensis |
Ticks Ixodes ricinus (Europe) Ixodes scapularis (USA) | White-
footed mouse (HGA) Red deer, human beings (HME) |
IC |
| Bartonellosis |
Bartonella henselae (Bartonella quintana, Bartonella bacilliformis) [18-20] |
Bite or
scratch wounds of dog or cat (saliva, claws); cat fleas; lice (B.
quintana) [21, 22], tick bite Others: dust mites, flea bites, flea feces (oral infection), contact with cats, contact with dogs (paws, saliva, lice [21], flies, gadflies, blood transmission, mother-child transmission [23] |
Cats [24-27], domestic and wild animals [28] | IC |
| Rickettsiosis Mediterranian spotted fever | Rickettsia helvetica Rickettsia conorii | Ticks, mites, fleas, lice | Ticks | IC |
| Tularemia | Francisella tularensis | Mosquitos, gadflies, fleas, lice, mites, oral, inhalation | Various vertebrates | IC |
| Q fever | Coxiella burnetii | Oral or inhalation | Cattle, milk, human beings | IC |
| Babesiosis | Babesia microti, Babesia divergens [29,30] | Ixodes ricinus (Europe), Ixodes scapularis (USA) [29, 30], blood transfusions [31], perinatal [32, 33] | Cattle (other vertebrates) | IC |
| Other co-infections (not tick-borne) | ||||
| Mycoplasma infections | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Droplet infection, humans | Human beings | EC |
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection | Chlamydophila pneumoniae | Droplet infection, person to person | Human beings | IC&EC |
| Chlamydia trachomatis infection | Chlamydia trachomatis | Sexual contact | Human beings | IC&EC |
| Yersiniosis |
Yersinia
enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (USA) |
Fecal-oral | Various vertebrates | IC&EC |
| Parvovirus B19 infection | Human parvovirus B19 | Respiratory tract: droplet infection, person to person, during pregnancy, blood transfusion | Human beings | IC |
| Campylobacter jejuni infection | Campylobacter jejuni | Fecal-oral Game and domestic animals, particularly poultry, animal products, contaminated water |
Vertebrates | IC&EC |