Table 1: Group differences in demographic, psychological health, and neurocognitive metrics.
Demographic |
Controls |
PTS |
PTS/mTBI |
Gender, Men/Womena
|
22/30 |
15/16 |
28/28* |
F |
% |
73% |
94% |
100% |
Age |
M |
30.6 |
32.5 |
32 |
SD |
5.7 |
7.1 |
5.4 |
d |
|
0.3 |
0.3 |
Education |
M |
15.4 |
14.5 |
13.9* |
SD |
2.1 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
d |
|
0.4 |
0.8 |
Life Events |
M |
27.0 |
44.8* |
42.4* |
SD |
12.0 |
9.8 |
13.1 |
d |
|
1.7 |
1.6 |
Childhood Environment |
M |
57.4 |
53.4 |
52.6 |
SD |
10.9 |
9.8 |
13.1 |
d |
|
0.4 |
0.4 |
Psychological Health |
Traumatic Stress |
M |
3.6 |
32.5* |
51.7** |
SD |
4.7 |
10.3 |
14.8 |
d |
|
4.4 |
5.0 |
Depression |
M |
32.0 |
40.4* |
52.6** |
SD |
7.0 |
11.3 |
9.8 |
d |
|
1.0 |
2.5 |
Anxiety |
M |
30.4 |
38.4* |
51.1** |
SD |
7.0 |
11.9 |
9.8 |
d |
|
0.9 |
2.5 |
Postconcussive |
M |
6.6 |
24.7* |
44.5** |
SD |
6.0 |
15.7 |
16 |
d |
|
2.0 |
3.5 |
Alcohol Use |
M |
4.6 |
7.2 |
9.1* |
SD |
3.6 |
6.7 |
8.1 |
d |
|
0.6 |
0.8 |
Neurocognition (CNS-Vital Signs) |
Reaction Time |
M |
99.9 |
96.0 |
83.8 |
SD |
18.6 |
13.2 |
29.5 |
d |
|
0.2 |
0.7 |
Complex Attention |
M |
94.3 |
88.0 |
74.7* |
SD |
19.1 |
17.9 |
22.9 |
d |
|
0.3 |
0.9 |
Cognitive Flexibility |
M |
101.3 |
100.6 |
80.6** |
SD |
18.2 |
13.1 |
22.5 |
d |
|
0.0 |
1.0 |
Processing Speed |
M |
105.4 |
101.9 |
91.3* |
SD |
22.0 |
13.2 |
15.3 |
d |
|
0.2 |
0.8 |
Executive Function |
M |
103.9 |
103 |
86.6** |
SD |
16.7 |
11.7 |
21.3 |
d |
|
0.1 |
0.9 |
Verbal Memory |
M |
97.8 |
100.5 |
85.9 |
SD |
21.4 |
19.9 |
23.9 |
d |
|
0.1 |
0.5 |
Note: Controls (n=30), PTS (n=16), PTS/mTBI (n=28). Kruskal-Wallis test (Benjamini-Hochberg Corrected) with post hoc comparisons (Mann-Whitney test). aχ2 test.
*Significant compared to the control group;
**Significant between both control and PTS groups;
F = Frequency; M = Mean; SD = Standard Deviation; d = Cohen’s d