Table 2: General characteristics of the included systematic reviews.

First Author
year
Aim(s)
Research question(s)
Selection criteria used to include primary studies (PICOS) Scope
1. Geography
2. Time limit
3. Language
Chen
2014a
To examine current information and clinical applications of mentorship programmes to attain a superior understanding of the implementation and effectiveness of such programmes for recently registered nurses. P Recently RN
I 1:1 Mentorship programme
C No comparison groups
O Retention; Turnover; Cost
S Experimental or a
quasi-experimental peer-reviewed primary studies
1 USA, ASIA
2 1999-2011
3 Not stated
Cowden 2011b To examine the relationship between managers leadership practices and staff nurses intent to stay in their current position. P Staff nurses
I leadership practices
C No comparison groups
O Intention to stay
S Peer-reviewed qualitative or quantitative studies
1 International (by Canada)
2 1985 - 2010
3 English
Larty
2014c
To report the effectiveness of strategies for retaining experienced RNs. P Experienced RN’s (newly qualified excluded)
I Any intervention aimed to increase the retention of experienced RNs
C No comparison groups
O Retention/ turnover
S Quantitative research studies
1 Mostly USA
2 No limits
3 No limits
Park
2010d
To present an integrative review of the research that was conducted to explore the effects of orientation programs for newly graduated nurses on their confidence, competency, and retention. P Hospital based, NGNs
I Orientation programs in nursing literature (included internships, residencies, and structured orientation programs)
C No comparison groups
O Retention
S Not stated
1 USA
2 1990-2007
3 English
Rush
2013e
The purpose of the study was to review existing research literature to identify best practices of formal new graduate nurse transition programs. P NGNs within one year of graduation (acute care settings)
I transition programs or orientation programs
C No comparison groups
O Retention; Turnover
Cost-benefit
S Any empirical study
1 Mostly USA
2 2000-2011
3 English
Salt
2008f
To conduct a systematic review of published research to determine
the effectiveness of retention strategies targeted at NGNs.
P NGNs
I A retention strategy was identified as a way to engage NGNs to continue service within a unit, hospital, or organization
C No comparison groups
O Retention
S Only published and peer-reviewed primary studies
1 USA
2 No limits
3 No limits
Swenty
2011g
To review and examine the literature supporting a professional sabbatical, a potentially viable and innovative change strategy that could renew, revitalize, and retain nursing staff practicing in the acute care setting. What is the evidence related to professional sabbaticals in nursing? P Nursing, business & education
I Clinical practice sabbatical
C No comparison groups
O Retention; Turnover
S Not stated
1 USA
2 1999 - 2010
3 English

a [38], b [32], c [33], d [36], e [34], f [35], g [37],