Table 5: The differences in EI mean rank according to the personal characteristics of the study sample (N = 284).

Personal characteristics Mean Rank Test P-value
Country Saudi Arabia 160.06 Mann-Whitney U = < .001**
Egypt 120.48 7179.000 -
Marital status Single 140.27 Mann-Whitney U = .029*
Married 193.08 1025.000 -
Are you satisfied with online education? Yes 152.84 Mann-Whitney U = .042*
No 133.00 8658.000 -
Are you satisfied with online exams? Yes 160.52 Mann-Whitney U = < .001**
No 123.43 7442.500 -
Family size Small (≤3) 193.06 Kruskal-Wallis Test .012*
Medium (4-5) 129.27 Chi-Squared = 10.869 -
Large (total 6–7) 139.70 - -
Too large (≥ 8) 159.01 - -
Residence Urban 148.93 Mann-Whitney U = .032*
Rural 125.51 6709.000 -
Father's education Read and write 176.53 Kruskal-Wallis Test .006**
School stage 148.99 Chi-Squared = 12.619 -
University 126.67
Higher education 138.71
Does the mother work? Yes 164.51 Mann-Whitney U = < .001**
No 128.79 7138.500 -

** significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).
* significant at the .05 level (2-tailed).