Table 1: Assessment of threats, current actions and mitigation and management strategies under Status Quo (SQ) and the Vision (V) for the conservation of Galápagos avian diversity: seabirds and aquatic birds, including indigenous species (i.e. endemic and native).

Species Scenarios Climate Change and Severe Weather Human Intrusions and Disturbance Biological Resource Use Invasive Species Diseases Pollution Geological Events Loss Genetic Diversity Population Trends Source
Galápagos Penguin
Spheniscus mendiculus 		2018 Populations affected by ENSO. Decreased 80%
and 60% in 1982-83 and 1997-1998. No reproduction in 2015		 Some collisions and disturbance in breeding areas by motorboats Fisheries affect some individuals Cat, rats on eggs and chicks Plasmodium sp. recorded.
Parasites recorded		 Heavy metals assessed Tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, higher tide levels affected nests near the coast - Declining 1. 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 25, 26, 42, 44, 49, 55, 72, 79
SQ Population affected same percentage.
ENSO it strongest and frequently		 More collisions and disturbance in breeding areas by motorboats New methods in fisheries affected individuals Minimum control of cat, rats Enter to GPS emergent diseases Oil spills, mercury, POPs (e.g. DDT) Same as above - Declining -
V Population affected.
ENSO stronger and more frequent		 Control increasing turism and populated bays and implement propeller protector on motorboats Exclusion of longline and drifting fish aggregating device in the GMR without the need of experimental fishing trial and field studies, following the precautionary principle Aggressive control on cats and rats in the coast Control vectors and ABG has better management. Continue the prohibition of entry of bunker-tanker boats; outside of GMR; improve preparedness and response plan to mitigate and control oil spills and releases of hazardous substances from ships within and outside of the GMR Same as above 50/500 rule for a minimum viable population, develop a breeding center Stable -
- 2018 Populations affected by ENSO. Decreased 50%
and 25% in 1982-83 and 1997-1998		 Disturbance in breeding areas - Cat, rats on eggs and chicks Plasmodium sp. recorded.
Parasites recorded		 Heavy metals assessed, oil spills, POPs (e.g. DDT) Tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, higher tide levels affected nests near the coast - Declining 1, 7, 9, 25, 26, 44, 55, 72
Flightless Cormorant
Phalacrocorax harrisi 		SQ Population affected same percentage.
ENSO it stronger and more frequent		 More disturbances in breeding grounds - Minimun control of cat, rats Entry into Galápagos by emergent diseases Oil spills, POPs (e.g. DDT) Same as above - Declining -
V Population affected.
ENSO it stronger and more frequent.		 Control increasing turism and populated bays and implement propeller protector on motorboats Exclusion of longline and drifting fish aggregating device in the GMR without the need of experimental fishing trial and field studies, following the precautionary principle Aggressive control on cats and rats in the coast Control of vectors and ABG has better management Continue the prohibition of entry of bunker-tanker boats;
outside of GMR;
improve preparedness and response plan to mitigate and control oil spills and releases of hazardous substances from ships within and outside of the GMR		 Same as above Data collected and known Increased -
Galápagos Petrel
Pterodroma phaeopygia 		2018 Cinchona pubescens and Rubus sp. affect colonies Original natural areas lost for agricultural activities Fisheries Unknown impact Cat, rats?, pigs, cattle affected nests Unknown Unknown - - Declining 7, 9
SQ Invasive plants on colonies - Fisheries Unknown impact Minimum control of cat, rats Unknown Unknown, oil spills - - Stable -
V Introduced plants eradicated from colonies Reforesting breeding areas in GNP, and in agricultural areas (gulch) with the collaboration of farmers Data collected and analyzed Aggressive control of feral species Data collected and known Continue the prohibition of entry of bunker-tanker boats. Data collected and known outside of GMR; improve preparedness and response plan to mitigate and control oil spills and releases of hazardous substances from ships within and outside of the GMR - Data collected and known Increased -
- 2018 Nil reproduction in 1982-83 Few human interaction on island Fisheries impact Mosquitoes Few diseases recorded Heavy metals assessed, oil spills - - Declining 7, 9, 27, 39, 40, 48, 56, 59, 72
Waved Albatross
Phoebastria irrorata 		SQ Nil reproduction with ENSO in GPS More human interaction on island More fisheries impacts ouside of GMR Mosquitoes and other introduced species recorded on Española New and emergent diseases Oil spills, POPs - - Declining -
V Nil reproduction when ENSO in GPS Restrict daily tours Continue the ACAP Plan Better biosecurity control to visit the islands Not emergent diseases.
Data collected		 Continue study; outside of GMR; improve preparedness and response plan to mitigate and control oil spills and releases of hazardous substances from ships within and outside of the GMR - Data collected and known Stable -
Galápagos American Flamingo
Phoenicopterus ruber glyphorhynchus 		2018 ENSO affected lagoons Loss of lagoons in Isabela.
Disturbance in breeding areas		 - Dogs, pigs affected individuals and nest Unknown Unknown Tsunamis, higher tide levels affected nests near the coast Unknown Declining 7, 9, 25, 28
SQ ENSO affected lagoons more frequently More loss of lagoons in Isabela.
Disturbance in breeding areas		 - Minimum control of cat, rats, dogs, pigs Unknown Unknown Same as above Unknown Declining -
V ENSO affected lagoons Recovery of lagoons.
Educational program and environmental outreach to reduce disturbance in habitat areas		 - Aggressive control of feral species Data collected and known Data collected and known Dunes and rocky habitats affected before by tsunamis, sea level rise and flooding recovered. Data collected and known Stable / uncertain -
Lava Gull
Leucophaeus fuliginosus 		2018 - Loss of habitat
Disturbance on breeding areas		 Fisheries unknown impact Dogs, cats, rats affected individuals Unknown Unknown - - Stable / uncertain 7, 9, 10
SQ - Loss of habitat
Disturbance		 Fisheries continue; unknown impact Minimum control of dogs, cats, rats Continue unknown Continue unknown - - Stable / uncertain -
V - Educational program and environmental outreach to reduce disturbance in habitat areas Data collected Aggressive control of feral species Data collected and known Data collected and known Dunes and rocky habitats affected before by tsunamis, sea level rise and flooding recovered. Data collected and known Increased / stable -
Galápagos Rail
Laterallus spilonota 		2018 Change the habitat Loss of habitat Some vehicular collisions Dogs, cats, rats affected individuals Unknown Unknown - Unknown - 35, 41
SQ Continue changes in the habitat - Increased vehicular collisions Minimun control of dogs, cats, rats Continue; unknown Continue; unknown - Continue; unknown - -
V - Educational program and environmental outreach to reduce disturbance in habitat areas Zero impact Aggressive control on feral species Data collected and known Data collected and known - Data collected and known Stable / uncertain -

*2018 = 2018 status, SQ = Status quo, V = 2028 Avian Diversity Vision **ENSO = El Niño Southern Oscillation. GPS = Galápagos. POPs = Persistent Organic Pollutants. DDT = Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes. ABG = Agencia de Bioseguridad de Galápagos. GNP = Galapagos National Park. GMR = Galapagos Marine Reserve. ACAP Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels.