Table 4: Responses (seconds) (mean ± S.E.) of female American robins to brown-headed cowbird and song sparrow models at low and high elevation sites (nlow=14 nests; nhigh=11 nests) for each behavior.

Low High
Behavior† Cowbird Sparrow Cowbird Sparrow
No Reaction 20.0 ± 14.4 88.1 ± 33.3 128.8 ± 42.0 60.4 ± 29.3
Distant Silent Observation 41.4 ± 25.0 64.3 ± 29.4 56.4 ± 27.5 60.7 ± 27.5
Close Silent Observation 107.1 ± 31.7 52.9 ± 23.4 83.9 ± 30.6 91.3 ± 26.5
Distant Alarm Call 28.6 ± 14.4 19.1 ± 13.2 11.9 ± 6.3 4.9 ± 3.2
Close Alarm Call 85.3 ± 30.3 60.5 ± 30.7 16.5 ±7.4 51.3 ± 24.5
Attacking Model 8.2 ± 8.1 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 ± 0

†Time (seconds) spent performing behavior during 5-minute trials