|
Author (year) (Study population; Set up) |
Age group (Y) |
Sample size (Eyes) | Definition Criteria for myopia/ hyperopia | Definition/cut-off for Refractive errors | Proportion | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myopia | Hyperopia | Astigmatism | |||||
|
†Rowaily
(2010) (Adolescents; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)31 |
12-13 | 1536 M=734 F=802 one or both eyes |
SEQ |
Myopia: Mild (-0.5 to <-3D); Mod(-3 to <-6D); High (>-6D) hyperopia: Mild (+0.5 to <+3D); Mod (+3 to <+6D); High (>+6D) |
Overall=57.6% Mild=45.70% Mod=6.60% High=3.30% |
15.2% Mild=9.90% Mod=64.60% High=0.70% |
66.20% |
|
Al Wadaani (2013) (Primary school children; Saudi Arabia) [7] |
6-14 | 2002 one or both eyes |
SEQ |
Myopia: ≤-0.75D Hyperopia: ≥+2D Astig: ≥0.50DC or ≥1.00DC |
65.70% | 9.90% | Overall=24.45% MA=12.4% HA=12.1% |
|
Al Rowaily (2010) (Pre-school children; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) [30] |
4-8 | 1319 M=577 F=742 one or both eyes |
SEQ |
Myopia: Mild (-0.5 to <-3D); Mod (-3 to <-6D); High (>-6D) hyperopia: Mild (+0.5 to <+3D); Mod (+3 to <+6D); High (>+6D) |
Overall=55% Mild=75.80% Mod=12.10% High=12.10% |
Overall=45% Mild=85.20% Mod=11.10% High=3.70% |
55% |
|
Emmanuel (2013) (School children; Nigeria) [34] |
9-21 | 1175 (2350) F= 54.5% both eyes |
Sphere | Astig: >0.50DC | 29.50% | 13.10% | Overall=57.4% WTR=71.4% ATR=22.9% OBL=5.7% |
|
Ovenseri-Ogbomo (2010) (School children; Ghana [13] |
5-19 | 957 M= 31% F= 69% right eyes |
Sphere |
Hyperopia= ≥+2.00 DS myopia= ≤−0.50 DS astigmatism= ≤−0.50 DC |
27.00% | 18.00% | 55.00% |
|
Opubiri (2013) (Tertiary hospital; South Nigeria) [2] |
4-15 | 506 114 had RE laterality not mentioned |
Sphere |
Myopia Low (≥-0.5DS to -2.75DS), Mod (–3.0DS to –5.0DS), High (>-5.0 DS) Hyperopia Low (≥+0.5DS) to +2.75DS), Mod (+3.0DS to +5.0DS), High (>+5.0DS) Astig (-ve) (≥0.5DC in any axis) SMA (PlanoDS/≥-0.50DC); CMA (≥-0.5DS/≥-0.5DC); MIX: (≥+0.5DS/≥-0.5DC) |
61.40% | 11.40% | Overall=27.2% SMA=10.5% CMA=12.3% MIX=4.4% |
|
Pokharel (2010) (School children; Nepal) [28] |
7-15 | 440 urban=220 (107 M, 113 F) rural= 220 (101 M, 119 F) both eyes |
not clearly defined |
Myopia: Low (>-0.50 to <-3.0D); Mod (>-3.0 to <-6.0D); High(>-6.0D) hyperopia: Mild (+0.5 to <+3D); Mod. (>+3 to <+6D); High (>+6D) Astigmatism: any cylindrical error |
59.80% | 31.00% | 9.20% |
|
Kawuma (2002) (Primary school children; Uganda) [36] |
6-9 | 623 M= 301 F= 322 one or both eyes |
not clearly defined | refractive error of ±0.50 or worse in one or both eyes | 11% | 37% | 52% |
|
Ali (2007) (School children; Lahore, Pakistan) [16] |
11-16 | 540 one or both eyes |
not provided | _ | 43% | 21.50% | Overall=35.5% SA=21.50% CA+Mix=14% |